CH9: Language

Question 1

language

Answer 1

group of symbols conveying info

Question 2

productivity

Answer 2

creating new msgs (humans)

Question 3

nurture theory

Answer 3

speech = behaviour & language = operant conditioning (Skinner)

Question 4

emergentist theory

Answer 4

lang = nature + nurture

Question 5

nature theory

Answer 5

genetics play big role in language production (Chomsky)

Question 6

hemispheric lateralization

Answer 6

speech prdctn mostly in L hemisphere

Question 7

non-fluent / Broca’s aphasia

Answer 7

no speech prdctn

Question 8

Broca’s area

Answer 8

L frontal

Question 9

fluent / Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 9

no speech comprehension

Question 10

Wernicke’s area

Answer 10

L temporal

Question 11

mental lexicon

Answer 11

storing words and related concepts
phonemes
morphemes

Question 12

phoneme

Answer 12

smallest unit of sound (“Pa”)

Question 13

morpheme

Answer 13

smallest unit of comprehensible lang (“Pre”)

Question 14

classical categorization

Answer 14

objects classified w/ set of rules

Question 15

prototype model

Answer 15

objects classified by resemblance to prototype / most fit group member

Question 16

exemplar model

Answer 16

all category member contribute to concept a little

Question 17

semantic network

Answer 17

compilation of concepts + definitions for a word

Question 18

family resemblance

Answer 18

classified by similarity to other members

Question 19

mental representation

Answer 19

hypothetical cognitive symbol representing external reality

Question 20

analogical mental representation

Answer 20

sharing physical characteristics

Question 21

symbolic mental representation

Answer 21

abstract representation not sharing phys. attributes

Question 22

Sapir-Whorf hyp. / linguistic relativity

Answer 22

lang influences thought

Question 23

individualistic culture categorization + perception style

Answer 23

taxonomic & analytic (rule-based)

Question 24

collectivistic culture categorization + perception style

Answer 24

thematic & holistic (family resemblance)

Question 25

mental set

Answer 25

expectation of how to solve problem

Question 26

set effect / fixation

Answer 26

success using one approach = unlikely to approach a problem in a new way

Question 27

functional fixedness

Answer 27

can’t think about objects outside of their intended purpose

Question 28

algorithm

Answer 28

precise rule set used to solve problems

Question 29

heuristics

Answer 29

rule-set to shortcut + speed up decision making

Question 30

means-end heuristic

Answer 30

going away from goal to ultimately go towards goal

Question 31

representative heuristic

Answer 31

compare to mental prototype

Question 32

conjunction fallacy

Answer 32

misbelief that finding something in 2 overlapping categories more probable than it being in just 1 category

Question 33

availability heuristic

Answer 33

how easily things come to mind = how frequently we believe they occur

Question 34

anchoring effect

Answer 34

using previous knowledge (anchor) to keep your answer in range

Question 35

decoy effect

Answer 35

preference b/w 2 options changes when 3rd undesirable option added

Question 36

4 steps to creativity

Answer 36

preparation, incubation, illumination, evaluation

Question 37

confirmation bias

Answer 37

seeking out info that agrees w/ you + ignoring disagreeing info

Question 38

framing

Answer 38

presentation of options affects our choice

Question 39

system 1 thinking

Answer 39

based on intuition

Question 40

system 2 thinking

Answer 40

logical reasoning + thinking (language helps us slow down)

Question 41

deductive reasoning

Answer 41

general -> specific (using rule to check)

Question 42

inductive reasoning

Answer 42

specific -> general (using example to check)