CH7: Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

interacting w/ enviro to prdc change in mental processes/behaviours

Question 2

extinction

Answer 2

CS repeatedly presented w/o US causes CR to stop over time

Question 3

spontaneous recovery

Answer 3

response randomly elicited after extinction

Question 4

acquisition

Answer 4

gradual association of US & CS

Question 5

stimulus generalization

Answer 5

stimuli like CS elicit CR

Question 6

stimulus discrimination

Answer 6

stimuli like CS don’t elicit CR

Question 7

biological preparedness

Answer 7

some NS more likely to become CS and easier

Question 8

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 8

CS-US strength depends on how surprising US is

Question 9

Little Albert Experiment - who? and so what?

Answer 9

Watson; nurture can shape anyone into anything (cl. conditioning -> behaviourism)

Question 10

Thorndlike’s Law of Effect

Answer 10

behaviour producing good consequences will be repeated, bad consequences won’t

Question 11

antecedent / discriminative stimulus

Answer 11

environmental event preceding behaviour

Question 12

Hebb’s rule

Answer 12

when neurons consistently fire together (stim+resp), they wire together (association)

Question 13

reinforcement

Answer 13

increase probability of behaviour

Question 14

punishment

Answer 14

decrease probability of behaviour

Question 15

positive

Answer 15

apply stimulus

Question 16

negative

Answer 16

remove stimulus

Question 17

shaping

Answer 17

reinforcing behaviour more and more like desired behaviour

Question 18

power

Answer 18

reinforcement must be strong enough to affect response

Question 19

immediacy

Answer 19

consequence + response close together

Question 20

contingency

Answer 20

if-then relation b/w response + consequence

Question 21

Premack Principle

Answer 21

high probability behaviour used to reinforce low probability behaviour

Question 22

escape

Answer 22

negative reinforcement; response stops existing stimulus

Question 23

avoidance

Answer 23

negative reinforcement; response prevents stimulus

Question 24

2-factor theory

Answer 24

classical conditioning = fear, operant = ability to escape fear

Question 25

fixed schedule

Answer 25

consistent + predictable reinforcement

Question 26

variable schedule

Answer 26

variable + unpredictable reinforcement

Question 27

ratio schedule

Answer 27

reinforcement based on # of times behaviour occurs

Question 28

interval schedule

Answer 28

reinforcement based on amnt of time passed

Question 29

latent learning

Answer 29

reinforcement impacts performance more than acquisition/learning

Question 30

social learning

Answer 30

behaviour acquired/changed by observing someone; Bandura's bobo doll

Question 31

4 phases of social learning

Answer 31

attention (observe), retention (encode+practice), production (imitate), motivation (consequences)

Question 32

nucleus accumbens

Answer 32

dopamine activated to make a reinforcer pleasurable

Question 33

learned helplessness

Answer 33

when escape doesn't stop the US, the escape response is extinguished