Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APK2100 EXAM 2 > ch.9 > Flashcards

ch.9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

An articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are articulations?

A

the rigid elements of the skeleton meet at sites called articulations that aren’t always bone to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structurally based on anatomical features that are at the joint
AND
Functionally based on the type and degree of movement they permit (if any movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classification is based on what criteria? (2)

A
  1. presence/absence of a synovial cavity

2. type of CT binding the bones together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three structural classes of joints?

A

Fibrous joints: bones held together by dense collagen fibers
Cartilagionous joints: bones held together by cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage)
Synovial joints: bones held together by ligaments (dense collagen fibers form ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three functional classes of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses: immovable joints
  2. Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints (degree of movement will depend on how long the collagen fibers are at the site)
  3. Diarthroses: freely movable joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the fibrous joints?

A

Sutures- found in adult skulls, very short densely packed collagen fibers holding those joints together. Synarthrotic joint
Syndesmosis- held together by a ligament but no synovial cavity. the fibrous tissue making up the ligament can vary in length causing there to be variation in the amount of movement among syndesmosis joints or no movement at all.
Gomphosis- only found in the teeth, peg-in-socket, peridontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The sockets where teeth are located in are called what?

A

Alveoulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses- bones united by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate in adolescents, the hyaline cartilage that attaches the first rib to the sternum (synarthrotic joint immovable)
Sympheses: always found on the midline of the body, bones united by fibrocartilage. not freely moving but some movement. found at the pubic symphesis and intervertebral discs. primarily made of fibrocartilage but they do have that perichondrium wrapped around.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are characteristics of synovial joints?

A

ALL are Diarthrotic
synovial cavity present, even if its a little one
ligaments hold the bones together (dense regular CT)
most joints in the body are synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the components of the synovial joint?

A
  • Periosteum surrounds the bone except at the articular surfaces where there is hyaline cartilage
  • Synovial fluid also called synovium
  • Joint capsule: dense band that extends from one bone to the other bone, a continuation of the periosteum
  • –the joint capsule contains an outer fibrous ligamentous band made of dense regular CT proper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the joint capsule?

A

dense irregular CT proper, same as the periosteum because it is a continuation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two layers of the synovial capsule?

A

Fibrous

synovial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the synovial capsule?

A

sleeve-like membrane that encloses the synovial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the synovial capsule?

A
  • continuous with the periosteum (from bone to bone)
  • dense irregular connective tissue proper
  • gives strength to the joint, provides structural rigity, allows the joint to be pulled in different directions without it being torn apart.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the synovial membrane of the synovial capsule?

A
  • deep to the fibrous layer and faces the inside of the cavity
  • covers any bony surface inside the synovial capsule that is not covered by hyaline cartilage (does not cover articular cartilage)
  • made of Loose CT, kind of like loose aerolar CT proper
  • secretes synovium
  • very vascularized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does ovum mean and how does it related to synovium?

A

ovum=egg and synovium has the consistency of egg whites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe synovium and where is it located/function?

A
  • Viscous fluid secreted by synovial membrane, similar to raw egg whites
  • found in the joint cavity and in the articular cartilages
  • functions to reduce friction between bones and nourishes joint cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is important that synovial fluid nourishes the articular cartilages?

A

because the articular cartilages are not vascularized, so any of the nutrients or oxygen in the fluid can get back sucked into the cartilages when decompressed nourish those cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are articular discs in synovial joints found and their functions?

A

Found in SOME synovial joints
Functions:
-shock absorption
-enhance the fit of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are three types of ligaments that reinforce the synovial joints and strengthen the joint?

A

Capsular
Extracapsular
intrcapsular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are capsular ligaments?

A

thickened band in the joint capsule itself, part of the joint capsule itself
example: glenohumeral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are extracapsular ligaments?

A

completely outside of the joint capsule

examples: medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL,LCL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are intracapsular ligaments?

A

completely inside the joint capsule and surrounded by synovial fluid
examples: anterior and posterios cruciate ligaments ACL/PCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nervous innervation in the joints provides what type of information?

A

pain and stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Desscribe the vascular supply to synovial joints>

A

nearby vessels will send branches to ligaments and the synovial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is functional redundancy and why is it important for synovial joints?

A

Where there is overlapping supply of nerves and vessels
Important because when you flex certain muscles you are cutting off the supply to whatever is in that area including synovial joints, but vessels and nerves coming in from different directions can provide the innervation and nutritional components to sustain the joints and other structures.

28
Q

What is bursa?

A

sac-like structure that containes synovial fluid
reduces friction between body parts which rub against one another
has an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
usually found between something hard and something soft or between two things that rub against each other a lot.

29
Q

What is olecranol bursitis?

A

Popeye elbow

when the weenis, a bursal sac, is inflamed.

30
Q

What are tendon sheaths and where are they mainly found?

A

Tendons that are rubbing against something hard, an example being a tendon between a ligament and a bone will need protection.
Tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons (hot dog - tendon, bun is the tenon sheath).
similar to bursa, has a synovial membrane and fibrous layer, only that they are longer and wrap around a tendon.
Mainly found in the skinny tendons of the hands and carpal regions

31
Q

How are synovial joints categorized?

A

shape of the articulating bones

32
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

33
Q

What largely dictates movements allowed at synovial joints?

A

The shapes of the bones

34
Q

How are movements classified?

A

Angular, gliding, rotation

35
Q

What is a gliding movement?

A

sliding flat surfaces of two bones across each other.

36
Q

What are angular movements?

A
  • Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones
  • Extension: increasing the angle between two bones
  • Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline
  • Adduction: moving a limb closer to the midline
  • Circumduction: moving a finger or limb so it describes a cone in space
37
Q

What are rotation moments?

A

medial rotation

lateral rotation

38
Q

Describe a plantar synovial joint and give examples of where they are located and the type of movement

A

-Where two flat articular surfaces are gliding
-gliding
Examples: intercarpal joints (waving)
intertarsal joints (while walking, switching from a a high arched foot to a flatter foot position)
Vertebral articular surfaces

39
Q

Describe a hinge joint and give examples of where they are located and type of movement?

A
  • Usually a cylindrical shaped end and a trough shaped end (like an empty tube half)
  • Can only get flexion and extension in these joints because you will run into bone if you try to hyperextend.
  • examples: elbow joint and interphalangeal joints
  • –if you are able to hyperextend these joints its because the joint, the tendionous and ligamentous structures are more stretched out than normal. Not double jointed. so you pop the joint out but you do not have two joints.
40
Q

Clinically, what does hyper extension mean? In anatomy?

A

Extending too much and causing damage

-extending past the anatomical plane

41
Q

Describe a pivot joint and give examples of where they are located and type of movement?

A
  • There is a circular end of a bone that will sit up against a depression or notch of another bone and a ligament will encircle around the circular bone end and attach it to the depression on the other bone.
  • Example: Proximal Radial-ulnar joint, head of radius is held in ulnar notch/ atlantoaxial joint
  • Movements: supination/pronation (parallel/radius rotates over ulna)/ rotation of head at the neck
42
Q

Describe a condylar joint, give examples of where they are located and type of movement

A

A rounded shaped bone end with a curve shaped bone end that fit together

  • Examples: Knuckles (condyloid=knuckles) metacarpophalangeal joint, wrist joints
  • Movements: adduction/abduction (midlind of hand), circumduction, flexion and extension
43
Q

If you are able to adduct/abduct and flex/extend you should be able to do what else?

A

circumduct

44
Q

Describe saddle joints, give examples of where they are located and type of movement

A

2 C-shaped bones put together
Example: Only two in the body
—Metacarpal I/Trapezium: allows for opposition
—Sternoclavicular joint: between clavicle and manubrium of sternum.
Movements: adduction/abduction; flexion/extension; circumduction (get kickback because of the two C-shaped bones)

45
Q

Describe ball and socket joints, give examples of where they are located and type of movement

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint) and hip joints (head of femur and acetabulum of oscoxa
Movements: Adduction/Abduction
Flexion extension
Circumduction
Medial/ Lateral rotaion (internal/external)= when the anterior surface of the bone is moved along the longitudinal axis towards or away from the midline
(for the leg, you would turn the knee cap inwards/outwards)

46
Q

Describe elevation and depression movements and examples of where this occurs

A

Elevation= lifting a bone higher
Depression= pulling a bone lower
Examples: Jaw - movement occurs at the mandible. jaw closed= elevation open=depression
Scapula (sliding across the back of the ribs and it takes muscles to pull them up/down)- elevation= shrugging your shoulders
depression= pulling shoulder down

47
Q

Describe protraction and retraction movements and where this occurs

A

Protraction: pushing body part forward/anteriorly
Retraction: pulling body part posteriorly/backwards
Examples: mandible
Scapula - protraction= rounding out the back, scapula are farther apart
retraction= pulling your shoulders back and causing the scapula to be closer together

48
Q

Describe inversion and eversion and where this occurs

A

Only done at the ankle
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion: turning the sole of the foot laterally

49
Q

Describe dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

A 
Dorsiflexion= taking the top aspect of the foot and moving it upwards towards the shin
Plantarflexion= pushing the toes into a pointed type of position/elevating the heel
50
Q

Describe the sternoclavicular joint and What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle synovial joint and has an articular disc at the articulation site

  • Contains 4 ligaments
  • the only location of articulation between your entire pectoral girdle (upper limb) to axial skeleton
  • needs to be incredibly stable
  • so stable you would break the clavicle before you dislocate the joint
51
Q

Describe the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

A 
Capsular ligament (part of the joint)
-run from the sternum to the clavicle and there is one on the anterior side and the posterior side.
52
Q

Describe the interclavicular ligament of the sternoclavicular joint

A

A ligament that runs along the jugular notch, attaching itself to the manubrium of the sternum and then reaching out and holding onto each of the clavicles.

53
Q

Describe the costoclavicular joint of the sternoclavicular joint

A

ligament that runs from the costal cartilages of the first rib up to the underside of the clavicle

54
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint

A

Contains the coracohumeral ligament which runs form the coracoid process to the humerus and is an Extracapuslar ligament. Provides decent amount of support
There are three more glenohumeral ligaments that are very weak and support the joint capsule itself.
-these ligaments are capsular, just thickening the joint capsule (most of the stability offered to this joint comes from the muscles of the rotator cuff)

55
Q

Describe the femorocoxal joint

A

Hip Joint

  • contains an intracapsular ligament called the ligamentum teres
  • contains three capsular ligaments
  • –ileofemoral ligament
  • –ischiofemoral ligament
  • –pubofemoral ligament
  • the acetabular labrum has some cartilage sticking out and this helps secure the head of the femur into the acetabulum
56
Q

Describe the ligamentum teres

A

Intracapsular ligament at the femorocoxal joint

  • stable ligament but plays more a stability role in adolescents
  • sometimes there is a little blood vessel that runs through this ligament but its not present in adults
57
Q

How is the arrangement of the capsular ligaments of the femorocoxal joint differ when standing and when sitting?

A

When sitting the ligaments are relaxed allow us move at this joint.
When standing the ligaments stretch, kind of like in a corkscrew appearance, and help screw the head of the femur into the aceptabulum proving a stable lower body joint on which you are supported

58
Q

What are some characteristics of the femorotibial joint and main actions.

A
  • largest, most complex joint
  • does not have a true joint capsule all the way around (anterior not true, posterior forms the true portion)
  • shares a space with the femoropatellar joint
  • part of the knee joint
  • two condylar joints sitting next to each other but work as a modified hinge joint
  • Main action: flexion/extension, some medial/lateral rotation (helps to lock the ligaments between these two structures like the hip joint)
  • extremely strong/stable
59
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral and medial menisci of the knee joint?

A

Shock absorption and to enhance the fit between the tibial and femoral condyles

60
Q

What are the two intracapsular ligaments of the femorotibial joint and where do they cross?

A

Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligaments
Anterior: extends form the lateral condyle of the femur to an anterior position on the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Lateral femur condyle –> foward of the middle part of tibia
Posterior: goes from medial condyle of the femur to behind that intercondylar eminence of the tibia
-when you stand these ligaments are tight

61
Q

What are the extracapuslar ligaments of the femorocoxal joint?

A

Fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament LCL)
Tibular collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament MCL)

62
Q

What are the names of the collagen fibers running from the patella to the quads and from the patella to the tibia?

A

Patella to tibia (Bone to bone) = patellar ligament

Patella to muscle = Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscke

63
Q

What are the medial and lateral patellar retinaculum and their importance?

A

dense bands of connective tissue that are helping support the anterior portion of the knee joint and forms the anterior wall of this joint

  • important because you dont actually have a true joint capsule on the anterior and little bit of the medial surface of the knee joint
  • any gaps on the anterior side are covered by connective tissue and inside of this would the synovial fluid
64
Q

How is the knee joint supported when there is only a true joint capsule on the posterior side?

A

Muscles that cross in front help support this joint that provide tendons like the retinacula.

65
Q

What are the two ligaments that provide support to the posterior side of the knee joint?

A

The oblique popliteal ligament and the arcuate popliteal ligament

66
Q

What is the purpose of the popliteus muscle located on the posterior side of the knee joint?

A

When contracted this muscles unlocks the cruciate ligaments so when you stand they are nice and tight
Also pulls the lateral condyle of the femur down and back a little to basically laterally rotate the femur on the tibia so that it unlocks the cruciate ligaments so you can bend your knee.

APK2100 EXAM 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions