CH.6 Flashcards
Why are bones organs?
because they contain compact bone tissue, connective tissue, bone marrow, blood.
Why is the skeletal system a system?
because contains bones which contain multiple tissue types, cartilages which contain multiple tissue types (perichondrium), joints are formed from more than one bone and connective tissue types that make them into joints.
What is cartilage, what is its matrix made of, and what is the predominant cell type?
connective tissue, avascular, extracellular matrix contains fibers and is gel like,the predominant cell type are chondrocytes that sit within lacunae in the extracellular matrix.
What is hyaline cartilage made of and what is its function and locations in the body?
Mainly collagen fibrils (small reticular fibers, has a glassy look)
Function is to give resiliency and shock absorption
Locations: ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton, costal cartilages, epiphyseal plates, respiratory structures (trachea, nose, bronchial tubes).
What is elastic cartilage, function, and locations in the body?
Mainly elastic (thin, densely packed, very darkly staining) fibers Function: elastic, has the ability to recoil or spring back into shape following deformation. Locations: epiglottis, outter ear.
What is fibrocartilage, function, and loactions in the body?
shock abosrption, very strong because of the abundance of collagen fibers
locations: intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis, menisci in the knee joint
Why are the cartilages of the skeletal system considered organs?
because of the perichondrium
what is the perichondrium and function?
peri= around
made of dense irregular connective tissue proper
typical cartilages of the skeletal system will be surrounded by this CT.
Function: acts like a girdle for the cartilage and provides a little bit more strength and resiliency so when the cartilage is squished it will be able to spring back better.
this is vascular so it also functions in growth and repair.
When does cartilage grow and what are the two types of growth?
Grows in adolescence
appositional and interstitial growth.
What is appositional growth?
Found along the outskirts of the cartilage there will be chondroblasts that are in between the cartilage and perichondrium but part of the perichondrium that will secrete matrix and cause growth from the outside.
What is interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes found deep within the tissue divide and produce new cells and secrete new matrix.
it is a growth from within
this stops in adults but the chondrocytes remain to take care of the tissue but do not not grow any longer.
hence why cartilage in adults has a poor repair or regenerative ability.
What are the functions of bones?
Support, protection, movement,
mineral storage: bones are made up of collagen fibers that contain minerals that have crystalized on the fibers. can be released into the body if the diet is lacking certain minerals like calcium.
Hemopoesis: red bone marrow helps with the production of red blood cells.
energy storage: bones contain yellow bone marrow in the core which is mainly adipose tissue
metabolism: bones release a hormone that determine how well you metabolize lipids, so it plays a role in how well your cells utilize nutrients for work.
What are long bones?
have a skinny midportion and very distinct ends
has nothing to do with size
example: phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, clavicle
What are short bones?
cube like, as in they are about the same size around the bone.
exmaples: carpal bones, tarsal bones
What are sesamoid bones?
another class of short bones tiny bones that develop within a tendon function: change the direction of pull at a particular joint. (patella is the larger of the sesamoid bones) another example are two tiny bones that are unerneath the ball of your foot and they sit in the tendons that cross the ball of your foot. help with change of direction of pull of your big toe during plantar flexion and extension.
what are irregular bones?
Irregular shaped
examples: vertebra oxcoxae
What are flat bones
Flat
scapula, skull, ribs, sternum
What is the metaphysis?
junctional area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis and contains the epiphyseal plate/line
What are the regions of a long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft)
epiphysis (ends)
Metaphysis
What is the epiphysis?
The distal/proximal ends of a long bone.
Contains more spongy bone tissue than compact bone tissue
contains articular cartilage (hyaline)
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of the bone.
Contains nutrient arteries running alongside the bone against the periosteum where they will cut through this conenctive tissue and dive straight into the bone via a nutrient foramen.
wall is mainly compact bone tissue but there is spongy bone tissue lining the medullary cavity.
What is a nutrient foramen?
Allows the nutrient arterties to dive into the bone and then send its branches to individual central canals of osteons.
What is anchoring the periosteum to the compact bone tissue?
Sharpeys fibers, perforating collagen fiber bundles.
Where are sharpeys fibers found in abundance?
where muscles attach to bones