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APK2100 EXAM 2 > Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Flashcards

1
Q

How does fascicle arrangement reflect function?

A

Longer fibers = greater range of motion

More fibers = greater strength

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2
Q

Describe circular fascicle arrangement and locations

A

Fascicles arranged in concentric rings

  • always found around external body openings
  • –orbicularis oris/oculi
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3
Q

Describe convergent fascicle arrangement and locations

A

Origin is broad and the fascicles converge toward a tendon of insertion.

  • Example: pectoralis major
  • –origin is the sternum and this area of muscle is a bit flat but going towards the insertion point the muscle thickness gets larger because they are converging towards a tendon.
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4
Q

Describe Pennate fascicle arrangement and locations

A

Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the length of of the muscle

  • Unipennate: has a tendon running along the entire edge of the muscle, striations look like they are going into the side of the tendon. Lots of fibers but not very long Example —> extensor digitorum longus
  • Bipennate: has a tendon that runs the length of the muscle and muscles can attach obliquely on two parts of the tendon at two different angles. Exmaple—>rectus femoris
  • Multipennate: multiple cells coming in at different angles along the length of long skinny tendons and usually smaller tendons come into a main tendon. Example —> deltoid muscle (do not get it confused with a convergent muscle)
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5
Q

What does “penna” mean?

A

Feather

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6
Q

Describe the parts of a lever in relation to the body

A

Lever: bones
Fulcrum: joint
Effort: muscles
Load: body or anything you’re trying to move or lift

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7
Q

Describe a First Class lever system

A

Fulcrum is in the middle, effort is pulling down on one side and the load is on the other.

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8
Q

Describe a Second Class Lever system?

A

Load is in the middle (body)
effort is pulling up on one side (being APPLIED on one side) (calf muscles)
Fulcrum are the joints on the ball of your foot

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9
Q

Describe a Third Class Lever system?

A

Effort is being APPLIED in the middle
Fulcrum is on one end
Load is on the other end

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10
Q

Are tendons part of the muscle?

A

Yes

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11
Q

If a tendon crosses a joint, where does the muscle act?

A

At the joint it crosses, tendons are part of the muscle

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12
Q

Can muscles push during contraction?

A

No, only pull

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13
Q

What is an agonist and antagonist?

A 
Agonist= contracts to cause an action
Antagonist= stretches and yields to allow the action by the agonist.
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14
Q

What is a synergist and how does it assist and agonist?

A

Can add a bit of extra force
Cancels out unwanted movement—> Usually seen in muscles with multiple actions at the joints
example when you flex your arm your wrist curls up but when you make a fist you are able to do so without flexing your wrist.

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15
Q

What is a Fixator?

A

A type of synergist that fixes a bone in place
Example: Scapulae fixators during arm movement, when you are lifting something or moving your arms for whatever reason, your scapula is moving around as well so muscles back there contract to keep it in place to maximize the muscles capacity to move whatever you are moving.

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16
Q

Muscles are named based off what kind descriptors:

A

location, shape, relative size, number of origins, fascicle arrangement, location of attachments, action.

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17
Q

What does longus and brevis refer to?

A

The length of the tendon

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18
Q

From the hip on up, what types of movements are allowed when muscles cross joints: posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, medially?

A 
Anterior= flexion
Posterior = extension
Lateral= abduction
Medially= adduction
19
Q

What joint does the deltoid and teres major cross and what type of movement does it create?

A

Deltoid crosses shoulder joint laterally causes abduction

Teres major cross shoulder joint medially, causes adduction

20
Q

What is fascia and what is its function? How is innervated by nerves?

A

Fascia is very dense connective tissue and it helps groups muscles of similar origin or function together so they can act as a whole unit and almost act like one muscle.
Most compartments are innervated by a single nerve but it’s not always the case.

21
Q

What are the general compartments of the upper limb and lower limbs?

A

Brachial Region: Anterior/Posterior
Antebrachial region: Anterior/posterior
Thigh Region (knee to hip): Anterior, posterior, medial
Leg (knee down): anterior, posterior, lateral

22
Q

What is the OIA of the Biceps Brachii?

A

Origin: Acromium Process of scapula and superglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity
Action: crosses shoulder and elbow joint
-Flexion of the elbow Flexion of the shoulder

23
Q

What is the OIA of the triceps brachii?

A

Origin:
-Medial Head: Posterior shaft of humerus
-Lateral head: posterior shaft of the humerus
-Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Insertion: common insertion at the olecranon process of the ulna
Action: Medial and Lateral heads contribute to elbow flexion but the long head contributes to shoulder extend as well so the entire muscle is considered to extend the shoulder and elbow

24
Q

Which nerve is innervating the anterior/posterior brachial compartment?

A

Anterior: musculocutaneous nerve
Posterior: radial nerve

25
Q

The tendons of the anterior antebrachial regions are mainly attached by what manner?

A

Indirect attachments

26
Q

The anterior antebrachial compartment is mainly responsible for what types of movements?

A

Flexion of wrist and digits

27
Q

What is the OIA for the Supinator, Pronator Teres and Pronator quadratus?

A

Supinator (located on posterior antebrachial region): Origin: proximal ulna Insertion: proximal end of radius
Pronator Quadratus (located on anterior):
Origin: distal portion of ulnar shaft Insertion: distal surface of anterior radius
Pronator Teres: Origin: Coronoid process of ulna Insertion: lateral radius;mid shaft

28
Q

What nerves innervate the antebrachial regions?

A

Radial nerve gets the extensors found on the posterior side
Median nerve is mainly for the anterior compartment
Ulnar nerve gets mainly the ulnar side both anterior and posterior.

29
Q

What is the OIAs of the Quadraceps femoris?

A

Origins
Rectus Femoris: AIIS of OsCoxa (hip)
Vastus lateralis: linea aspera, intertrochantic line (wraps around the femur to be me more anteriorly placed)
Vastus Medialis: linea aspera, intertrochantic line (wraps around the femur to be me more anteriorly placed)
Vastus Intermedius: proximal femoral shaft

Insertions: common insertions at the patella and tibial tuberosity
Actions: Recturs femoris flexes hip, extends knee
Vastus Medialis, lateralis, intermedius only extend knee.
Together the quads flex hip, extend knee

30
Q

OIAs of hamstrings?

A

3 muscles

Biceps femoirs: O: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera
I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Semitendinosus: O: ischial tuberosity
I: Medial upper tibial shaft

Semimembranosus: O: ischial tuberosity
I: Medial condyle of tibia

Actions: Hip extendor, knee flexors

31
Q

What muscles are in the medial thigh compartment?

A

Adductors lots of big muscles and gracilis

32
Q

OIA of adductors and gracilis

A

Adductors: O: pubis or ischium
Insertion: medial femur
Gracilis: O: inferior pubic ischial rami
I: medial tibial shaft (crosses knee joint, but there is no action at the knee)

Action: cross hip joint so adduction at the hip.

33
Q

What is the primary action of the anterior thigh compartment

A

Knee extension but also has some hip extension

34
Q

What nerves innervate the thigh compartment?

A

Anterior: femoral nerve
Posterior: tibial nerve (portion of the sciatic nerve)
Medial: obturator nerve

35
Q

What muscles are involved in the anterior leg compartment and their actions

A

tibialis anterior- dorsiflex
extensor hallucis longus: dorsiflexion and hollux extension
extensor digitorum longus: dorsiflexion of ankle and digit extendor

Toe extension

36
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral leg compartment and actions?

A

Fibularis (perioneal) longus and brevis

cause EVERSION

37
Q

The gastrocnemius muscle is part of what compartment and what is its function?

A

Posterior Superficial leg compartment
It’s tendon converges with the soleus muscle tendon to form the achilies tendon (calcaneal tendon)
Crosses knee joint so causes knee flexion and and crosses ankle joint so causes plantar flexion

38
Q

The soleus muscle is part of what compartment and what is its function?

A

Posterior superficial leg compartment
Its tendon converges with the gastrocnemius muscle’s tendon to form the achilies (calcaneal) tendon.
Actions include plantar flexion. does NOT cross knee joint so no action there.

39
Q

What do the posterior deep leg compartment muscles contribute to?

A

Plantar flexion, flexes toes

40
Q

What nerves innervate the leg compartment?

A

Anterior: deep fibular nerve
Posterior: tibial nerve
Lateral: superficial fibular nerve

41
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

when a muscle swells from either trauma or overuse, pressure within the compartment containing the muscle increases

42
Q

In emergent cases of compartment syndrome what needs to be done?

A

Fasiotomy
doctor will make an incision in the skin and right below it there will be fascia and will make an incision there allowing some breathing room so that the muscle is no longer compressing the nerves or vessels

43
Q

What are the effects of compartment syndrome?

A

Pressure on vessels that can cause ischemia or swelling

Pressure on nerves causing pain or numbness

APK2100 EXAM 2 (4 decks)

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