CH9 Flashcards
Structural Classification
- Category based on the type of tissue connecting the bones, dividing them into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
- Pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, ball-and-socket
Pivot
- Uniaxial joint (1 axis), rotational movement
- Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae articulation),proximal radioulnar joint
Hinge
- Uniaxial, flexion/extension
- Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal fingers/toes
Condyloid
- Biaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction
- Knuckles, radiocarpal joint of wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints for toes
Saddle
- biaxial, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction
- First joint of thumb, sternoclavicular joint
Plane
- Multiaxial joint, inversion/eversion of foot, or flexion/extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column
- Intertarsal joints of foot, superior-inferior articular process articulations between vertebrae
Ball-and-socket
- Multiaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation movements
- Hip, shoulder, thumb joints
Functional classification
- based on the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones
- Synarthrosis (immobile)
- Amphiarthrosis (limited mobility)
- Diarthrosis (freely mobile joint)
Synarthrosis function (immobile)
provides a strong union between bones that surround internal organs; brain, lungs, heart
Amphiarthrosis function(limited mobility)
provides stability and small movement; intervertebral disc
Diarthrosis function (freely mobile joint)
- most common joints in body and appendicular skeleton, provides wide ROM, all synovial joints
- Divided into 3 categories: uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Cartilaginous joints
do not have a joint cavity and have little movement
* 2 types: synchondrosis and symphysis
- Synchondrosis
- where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, immovable, functionally classified as synarthrosis
- Ex: first sternocostal joint - first rib is anchored to the manubrium by its costal cartilage
Symphysis
menas growing together
bones are joined by fibrocartilage, limited movement, functionally classified as amphiarthrosis
*Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers which helps it to resist against pulling, bending and compressive forces
Ex: Pubic symphysis - designed to bear the weight of the body during movement and also flexible enough for ambulation
Epiphyseal cartilages
growth plates in children (present on distal and proximal epiphysis) start as synchondrosis joints. Then once the hyaline cartilage closes is becomes synostosis – b/c the epiphyseal plate fuses into the bone
6 characteristics of synovial joints
1) Articular capsule
2) Articular cartilage
3) Joint cavity
4) Synovial fluid
5) Reinforcing ligaments
6) Nerves and blood vessels
Articular capsule
1) Articular capsule - double layer of connective tissue that surrounds and strengthens the joints
Articular cartilage
2) Articular cartilage - smooth layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulation of long bones
Joint Cavity
3) Joint cavity - fluid - filled space that exists b/w articulating surfaces
Synovial Fluid
4) Synovial fluid - viscous, oily filtrate secreted by the cells of the synovial membrane – provides lubrication, nourishment, and removes debris
Reinforcing ligaments
5) Reinforcing ligaments - fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another providing static stability of the joint
Nerves and blood vessels
6) Nerves and blood vessels - provide sensory, as well as extensive capillary beds that supply the synovial membrane
Bursa
fluid filled sac with synovial fluid, acts like a pillow to provide cushion. Typically found under a muscle or tendon, or attaches to a bone to prevent wear and tear on muscles and tendons
Gliding movement of joint
occurs in bones with flat surfaces – back and forth, side to side motion
Angular movement
increase 180º/decrease angle between two bones – flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Rotational movement of joint
rotation of a bone around its own axis – moves towards or away from midline
Special movements
only occurs in a few joints – supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction elevation, depression and opposition
fibrous joints, characteristics
- Bones anchored by fibrous connective tissue, do not have a synovial cavity. Most are synarthrotic, the amount of movement is based upon the length of the connective tissue
- 3 types - sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses
Ligaments of the knee
ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) and PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
- provide stabilization for knee joints. ACL is most commonly torn
- ACl prevents anterior translation of tibia – prevent tibia from flying off
- PCL prevents posterior translation of tibia
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease causing inflammation, pain and joint damage. Resulting in joint deformation, loss of movement, and/or bone fusion
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease – protective cartilage wear away, leading to pain, stiffness and reduced mobility
Arthroplasty
artificial joint replacement procedure for damaged joints
