Ch 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
- ana= knowledge or art of;
- tomy= process of cutting
- The knowledge gained from the history of cutting and observing the human body.
Physiology
- physio= the natural way of things
- ology= study of
- Study of chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the bodily functions
Gross Anatomy
- MACROscopic anatomy
- Involves structures that can be seen without an eye aid (microscope)
- Divided into surface, regional, systemic, clinical, and developmental anatomy sub disciplines
MICROscopic anatomy
- Use of microscope to identify and study cells (cytology) and tissues (histology)
Etymology
Study root of a word
- Helps to identify location of a structure
Properties of Life
O rganization
M etabolism
M ovement
G rowth
D ifferentiation
R esponsiveness
R egulation
R eproduction
Metabolism
chemical reactions
Movement
the change of position by an organism or part of an organism, often in response to stimuli
Growth
increase in size
Differentiation
D ifferentiation: process by which despecialized cells become specialized within the structure and develop specific functions
ex. Tissue regeneration, development: fertilized egg differentiates into many cell types that make up an adult body
- Cells act upon a certain task
Responsiveness
ability to react and sense stimuli like external/internal environment
Regulation
maintenance of internal environment; homeostasis
Reproduction
process where new organisms are generated
Levels of Organization
Chemical -> Cellular -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organismal Level
Chemical
smallest unit of matter (atom), atoms boond to form molecules (2+ atoms joined)
Cellular
Organized molecules, smallest structural living units
Tissue
Collection of similar cells
Organ
2+ different types of tissues that organize into a single structure, and performs a specific function
ex. stomach, skin, heart, lungs
Organ System
Function of an organ
ex. digestive system
Organismal
Organ systems work together to perform functions of an individual organsim
- Living individual
The 11 Organ Systems of the Body
1) Integumentary system (skin)
2) Skeletal system (bone and joints)
3) Muscular system (muscles)
4) Nervous system (internal/external sense)
5) Endocrine system (regulation)
6) Cardiovascular system
7) Respiratory system
8) Immune system
9) Digestive system
10) Urinary system (waste)
11) Reproductive system
Integumentary System
-Largest organ in the body. Holds everything together (gives body INTEGRITY)
- 2 way protective barrier protecting all internal structures
- Provides sensory information about external environment, touch, vibration, pain, temperature
- Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Skeletal System
- Frame of the body. Supports and protects the body stature
- Site of hematopoiesis (making of blood cells) and storage for minerals and fat
- Osseous (bone) tissue
- Bones, joints
Muscular System
- Aids movement to body/parts/systems
- Skeletal muscles attach to bones which enable body to move
- Smooth muscles enable organs to move substances around body such as food through digestive tract
- Cardiac (heart) muscles is unique to the heart and pumps blood throughout the body
Nervous System
SENSES/nerves
Receives internal/external sensory information and coordinates the body’s responses; contraction of muscle and excretion from endocrine glands
- Nervous tissue, spinal cord, brain, special senses, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Endocrine System
-Body regulatory system where chemicals called hormones diffuse through the bloodstream and bind receptors onto tissues/organs causing physiological change
- Regulates metabolic activities of the body
- includes the pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands
Cardiovascular System
- Hematology (study of blood), heart, arteries, veins
- Pumps blood through the body to transport nutrients (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, etc.) and removes waste (carbon dioxide, acids, etc.) from body tissues
Respiratory System
- Works in conjunction with the cardiovascular system to bring oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxide
- Includes the throat, windpipe and lungs
Immune System
Protects the body from disease and invasion of pathogens.
- Absorbs extracellular fluid into its vessels and filters out pathogens before returning the fluid back in the cardiovascular system; includes lymph nodes (filters), lymphatic vessels
Digestive System
- Digestion of foods we eat into small molecules that can be absorbed that then generated into energy
- Elimination of solid waste from the body
- includes mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, colon
Urinary System
- Kidneys filter waste products out of the blood (acids, creatinine, urea) and other excess substances (water, salts, etc.)
- includes kidneys and urinary bladder
Reproductive System
- Enables humans to reproduce thereby propagating the species
- Male/female reproductive anatomy and physiology
Anatomical Position
Standard reference position used for describing locations/directions on the human body
Head region
Cephallic
Brain
Cranial
Back of cranium, above where head meets neck
Occipital
Ear
Otic//auricular
Cheek
Buccal
Chin
Mental
Nose
Nasal
Eyes
Ocular/Optic/Orbital
Forehead
Frontal
Mouth
Oral
Upper jaw
Maxillary
Armpit
Axillary
Breast
Mammary
Chest
Pectoral
Sternum
Sternal
Belly
Abdominal
Between hip bones
Pelvic
Hip
Coxal
Groin, where lower abdomen meets upper thigh
Inguinal
Genital
Pubic
Spine
Verterbral
Neck
Cervical
Rib-cage
Thoracic
Lower back
Lumbar
Where spine meets hips
Sacral
Tailbone
Coccygeal
Highest point of shoulder/ outer end of blade
Acromial
Shallow socket in blade that receives head of arm bone
Glenoid
Shoulder muscle
Deltoid
Upper arm
Brachial
Front of elbow
Antecubital
Back of elbow
Olecranal
Forearm
Antebrachial
Hand
Manus
Back of hand
Dorsum
Wrist
Carpal
Palm
Palmer
Fingers and toes
Digital or phalanges
Upper leg
Femoral
Buttocks
Glueteal
Knee cap
Patellar
Behind knee
Popliteal
Lower leg
Crural
Back of lower leg
Sural
Foot
Pes
Heel
Calcaneal
Ankle
Tarsal
Top of foot
Dorsum
Bottom of foot, sole
Plantar surface
Lying facing down
Prone
Lying facing up
Supine
Front or towards front
Anterior (ventral)
Back or towards back
Posterior (dorsal)
Closer to attachment point
Proximal
Further from attachment point
Distal
Towards midline
Medial
Away from midline
Lateral
Upward in anatomical position
Superior (cranial)
Downward in autonomical position
Inferior (caudal)
Further from surface
Deep
Closer to surface
Superficial
Sagittal Plane
Any vertical plane that divides body into L/R halves
Midsagittal Plane
Divides directly down the mid-line, equal halves. Median plane
Parasagittal Plane
Unequal division of L/R
Frontal Plane
Plane divides body anterior/posterior
Transverse Plane
Plane divides body from upper/lower
Oblique Plane
Plane divides body at an angle, diagonal plane, 2+ planes
Anterior (Ventral)Body Cavity
- Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
+ Diaphragm seperates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity
Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
- Surrounded by bone to protect
- Cranial cavity = protects brain
- Vertebral cavity = protects spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
- Superior to diaphragm and consists of sub-cavities and spaces
+ R/L pleura (contains lungs)
+ Mediastinum - houses major vessels that branch out of or enter the heart, trachea and esophagus
Pericardial Cavity
- Within thoracic cavity
- Houses heart
+ Heart is surrounded by pericardial fluid sac; layer of lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures
Pelvic Cavity
Pelvic bones encircle reproductive organs and inferior portions of digestive tracts
Serous Membrane
Secretes liquid; serous fluid, into space between visceral and parietal layers
- Lubricates and protects organs, reduces friction and heat from movement of internal structures (heart, lungs, digestive tract)
Visceral Pleura/Parietal Pleura
V: Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
P: Lines pleural cavity
Visceral Layer
Surrounds the organs within the cavities
Parietal Layer
Lines the cavity walls
Visceral Pericardium
Serous membrane that surrounds heart
Parietal Pericardium
Serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Subsections
R: R hypochondriac, R lumbar, R iliac regions
M: Epigastric, umbillical, hypogastric regions
L: L hypochondriac, L lumbar, L iliac regions
- Using the regions allows medical professionals to be more precise
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
- Lines intersect at umbilicus
- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
Homeostasis
Process of maintaining a physiological state
- Components include sensor (stimulus), control center (brain) and effector (Neg/Pos feedback)
Negative Feedback
Main mechanism of homeostasis; body senses change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse imbalance
ex: sweating; exercise increases internal body temperatures, perspiration cools down the body, decreasing internal body temperature
Positive Feedback
Self amplifying cycles, which physiological change leads to greater change/response
ex: Lactation; baby suckling activates mechanireceptors to stimulate the brain for the body to produce more milk
Disruption
(due to injury, disease, disorder) that causes outside normal ranges, homeostatic imbalance
Normal Range Values (NRV) Heart Rate
60-80 bpm
Glucose (NRV)
80-11mg/dL (Milligrams per deciliter)
Body Temp (NRV)
98.1º - 98.9ºF
Respiratory
15-20 breathes per minute
Blood Oxygen SPO2
95-100%
Blood Pressure
90/60 - 120/80 mmHg (Millimeters of mercury)
Blood pH Level
7.35 - 7.45
Scientific Method
1) Make observations
2) Form hypotheses and null hypotheses (testable statements)
3) Design and execute experiments
4) Analyze data
5) Compare results to the null hypothesis
