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BIOL1170 - Anatomy & Physiology I > CH8 - Special Senses > Flashcards

CH8 - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

Makes tears (lubricates)

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2
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

Excess tears drain into nasal cavity

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3
Q

Sebaceous and sudoriferous glands (maintains moisture)

A

Eyelids

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4
Q

Warn incoming objects

A

Eyelashes

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5
Q

Membrane secretes mucus; prevents entrance of microbes

A

Conjunctiva

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6
Q

White connective tissue layer

A

Sclera

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7
Q

Allows light to enter the eye

A

Cornea

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8
Q

Coloured part of eye; regulates light allowed to enter

A

Iris

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9
Q

Hole through the iris where light passes through

A

Pupil

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10
Q

Changes shape to focus on far/near objects

A

Lens

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11
Q

Smooth muscle controls lens shape

A

Ciliary body

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12
Q

Anterior segment

A
  • Anterior to lens
  • Contains aqueous humor
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13
Q

Posterior segment

A
  • Posterior to lens
  • Contains vitreous humor
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14
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • Provides nutrients for lens/cornea
  • Maintain intraocular pressure
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15
Q

Vitreous humor

A
  • Prevents eye from collapsing
  • Maintain intraocular pressure
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16
Q

Blood vessels bring oxygen/nutrients

A

Choroid (Vascular layer)

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17
Q

Absorbs light; contains photoreceptors

A

Retina

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18
Q

Focus point for detailed central vision

A

Fovea centralis

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19
Q

Blind spot; exit point for optic nerve

A

Optic disc

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20
Q

Photoreceptors - Rods

A
  • Grey tones
  • Dim light
  • Peripheral vision
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21
Q

Photoreceptors - Cones

A
  • Color
  • Densest in center of retina
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22
Q

Cone sensitivity

A
  • 3 types of cones
  • Different cones sensitive to different wavelengths
  • Color blindness; result of lack of 1 cone type
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23
Q

Pathway of Light Through the Eye

A
  • 20 ft away for distance vision
  • Less than 20 ft away for closer objects (accommodation)
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24
Q

Real images

A
  • Formed in retina
  • Reversed from left to right
  • Upside down
  • Smaller than object
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25
Q

Carries signal to occipital lobe

A

Optic nerve

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26
Q

Internal muscles

A

Controlled by autonomic nervous system

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27
Q

Viewing close objects; eyes moving medially

A

Convergence

28
Q

Special senses

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
29
Q

Ear senses

A
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
30
Q

Ear is divided into 3 areas

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
31
Q

Curve of elastic cartilage; collects sounds waves

A

Auricle/Pinna

32
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A
  • Narrow chamber in temporal bone
  • Lined with ceruminous (wax) glands
33
Q

Outer ear; Transfers sound waves vibrations deeper into ear

A

Tympanic Membrane

34
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube

A
  • Connects middle ear with throat
  • Equalizes pressure when yawning/swallowing
35
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A
  • Amplification of sound wave vibrations
  • Malleus “hammer”
  • Incus “anvil”
  • Stapes “stirrup”
36
Q

Vibrations move from air to fluid of inner ear through stapes action

A

Oval window

37
Q

Allows fluid in cochlea to pass vibrations down to entire length

A

Round window

38
Q

Inner ear

A
  • Sense organs (hearing/balance)
  • Filled with perilymph
  • Bony chambers within temporal bone
39
Q

Cochlea

A
  • High pitched sounds vibrate hair cells near beginning
  • Low pitches vibrate deeper in spiral organ
40
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A
  • Carries hearing signal to temporal lobe of brain, and balance/equilibrium to cerebellum
41
Q

Hair Cells & Endo/Perilymph Fluid

A
  • Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
  • All connected together
  • Contain hair cells surrounded by fluid
  • Hair cells bend when fluid is moved
42
Q

Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear are called

A

Vestibular apparatus

43
Q

Vestibular apparatus functions

A
  • Static equilibrium
  • Dynamic equilibrium
44
Q

Vestibule detects

A

Linear acceleration/Static equilibrium (horizontal/vertical movement)

45
Q

Semicircular Canals detect

A

Angular acceleration/Dynamic equilibrium (yaw, pitch, roll)

46
Q

Receptors in vestibule

A

Maculae

47
Q

Anatomy of Maculae

A
  • Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane
  • Otoliths (tiny stones) float in gel around hair cells
  • Movements cause otoliths to bend hair cells
48
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • Respond to angular/rotary movements
  • Located in semicircular canals
49
Q

Organ of Corti (Hearing)

A
  • Located in cochlea
  • Receptors = hair cells on basilar membrane
  • Gel like tectorial membrane can bend hair cells
  • Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
50
Q

Mechanism of Hearing

A
  • Vibrations from sound waves move to tectorial membrane
  • Hair cells are bent by membrane
51
Q

Action potential starts in

A

Cochlear nerve (Impulse travels to temporal lobe)

52
Q

Receptor cells close to oval window are stimulates

A

High-pitched sounds

53
Q

Specific hair cells further along cochlea are affected

A

Low-pitched sounds

54
Q

Olfaction (Sense of Smell)

A
  • Olfactory receptors are in roof of nasal cavity
  • Impulses are transmitted via olfactory nerve
  • Interpretation of smells is made in cortex
55
Q

Sense of Taste

A

Taste buds house receptor organs

56
Q

Location of Taste Buds

A
  • Most are on the tongue
  • Soft palate
  • Cheeks
57
Q

The Tongue & Taste

A
  • Covered with projections called papillae
  • Taste buds found on sides of papillae
  • Gustatory cells are the receptors
58
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Sharp with no taste buds

59
Q

Rounded with taste buds

A

Fungiform Papillae

60
Q

Large papillae with taste buds

A

Circumvallate Papillae

61
Q

Sweet Receptors

A
  • Saccharine
  • Some amino acids
62
Q

Sour Receptors

A

Acids

63
Q

Bitter Receptors

A

Alkaloids

64
Q

Salty Receptors

A

Metal ions

65
Q

Chemical Senses: Taste & Smell

A
  • Both sense use chemoreceptors
  • Each gustatory cell responds to only 1 taste
  • Both senses complement each other; respond to same stimuli

BIOL1170 - Anatomy & Physiology I (3 decks)

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