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BIOL1170 - Anatomy & Physiology I > CH7 - Nervous System > Flashcards

CH7 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS Functions

A
  • Integration
  • Interpret incoming sensory information
  • Issues outgoing instructions
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2
Q

CNS Organs

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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3
Q

PNS Organs

A
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Cranial Nerves
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4
Q

Carry impulses to and from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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5
Q

Carry impulses to and from brain

A

Cranial nerves

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6
Q

PNS Functions

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves link CNS and rest of body
  • Perform motor and sensory function
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7
Q

Carries general sensory signals from muscles, bones, joints, skin and special sense organs

A

Somatic sensory division

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8
Q

Carries signals from organs

A

Visceral Sensory division

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9
Q

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division
- Afferent Arrives at brain

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10
Q

Nerve fibers that carry information away from the CNS

A

Motor (efferent) division
- efferent exits brain

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11
Q

Carries signals to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Motor Division

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12
Q

“Fight or flight” division

A

Sympathetic
“E” division

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13
Q

“Rest and digest” division

A

Parasympathetic
“D” division

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14
Q

Nervous tissue is made of 2 types of cells

A
  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia
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15
Q

Conduct nerve impulses

A

Neurons

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16
Q

Don’t conduct nerve impulses

A

Neuroglia

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17
Q

Anchor neurons to blood capillaries as barrier against harmful substances

A

Astrocytes

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18
Q

Phagocytes that monitor neuron health and dispose of debris or bacteria

A

Microglia

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19
Q

Cilia circulate cerebrospinal fluid through CNS brain and spinal cord as protective cushion

A

Ependymal Cells

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20
Q

Produce myelin sheaths around CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

Produce myelin sheaths around PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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22
Q

Protect neuron cell bodies in PNS

A

Satellite Cells

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23
Q

Metabolic center, contains nucleus, cytoplasm, and all organelles except centrioles

A

Cell Body

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24
Q

Conduct impulses toward cell body

A

Dendrites

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25
Q

Conducts impulses away from cell body, connected at axon hillock

A

Axon

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26
Q

Allow communication to flow from one neuron to the next

A

Axon Terminals

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27
Q

Protects, insulates, and speeds up nerve impulses, with gaps between Schwann cell production areas called Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin Sheaths

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28
Q

Gray Matter

A

No Myelin

29
Q

White Matter

A

Myelin

30
Q

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera and muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

31
Q

Cell bodies located in CNS; connect sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons

32
Q

Many extensions from the cell body

A

Multipolar neurons

33
Q

One dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

34
Q

Short single process leaving cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

35
Q

Sensory Receptors of Skin

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Light touch
  • Deep pressure
  • Proprioception
36
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

37
Q

Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS in the PNS

A

Ganglia

38
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers in CNS

A

Tracts

39
Q

Bundles of nerve fibres in PNS

A

Nerves

40
Q

Resting membrane is polarized

A

Action Potential 1: Neuron at Rest

41
Q

Stimulus initiates local depolarization

A

Action Potential 2: Stimulus

42
Q

Depolarization and generation of an action potential

A

Action Potential 3: Depolarization

43
Q

Propagation of the action potential

A

Action Potential 4: Propagation

44
Q

Restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge

A

Action Potential 5: Repolarization

45
Q

Initial ionic conditions restored

A

Action Potential 6: Reset to Rest

46
Q

When the action potential reaches the axon terminal…

A

the electrical charge opens calcium channels

47
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A
  • Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
  • Involuntary; skeletal muscle is normally under voluntary control
48
Q

Autonomic Reflexes

A

Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands

49
Q

Simple Reflex Arcs

A
  1. Receptor picks up stimulus
  2. Sensory afferent neuron sends info
  3. Interneuron acts as integration center
  4. Sends motor neuron to effector
  5. Effector is usually muscle
50
Q

4 Brain Divisions

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres (Cerebrum)
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
51
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A

Ridges and Grooves

52
Q

3 basic parts of Cerebrum

A
  • Cortex of gray matter
  • Internal area of white matter
  • Basal nuclei
53
Q

Outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

54
Q

Fiber tracts deep to the gray matter

A

White Matter

55
Q

Executive functions (critical thinking, reasoning)

A

Frontal Lobe
- Sends impulses to skeletal muscles

56
Q

Primary somatic sensory area

A

Parietal Lobe
- Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors

57
Q

Interprets visual information

A

Occipital Lobe

58
Q

Interprets auditory and olfactory information

A

Temporal Lobe

59
Q

3 Structures of Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
60
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Controls water balance
  • Regulates metabolism
61
Q

Parts of Brain Stem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
62
Q

Protection of CNS

A
  • Scalp and skin
  • Skull and vertebral column
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Blood-brain barrier
63
Q

Tough outermost layer

A

Dura Mater

64
Q

Middle layer

A

Arachnoid layer

65
Q

Internal Layer

A

Pia Mater

66
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Formed by the choroid plexus (capillaries in the ventricles of the brain)

67
Q

Blood-brain barrier is useless against

A
  • Respiratory gases
  • Alcohol
  • Anesthesia
68
Q

How many PNS cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

69
Q

How many PNS spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

BIOL1170 - Anatomy & Physiology I (3 decks)

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