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Gen. Bio A > Ch.8 Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch.8 Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Begins with specific molecule, ends with product and each is catalyzed by an enzyme

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3
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

RELEASE ENERGY by breaking down complex compounds

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4
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

CONSUME ENERGY to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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5
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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5
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

associated with motion

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6
Q

Potential Energy

A

the energy that matter possesses due to its location or structure

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6
Q

Thermal Energy (Heat)

A

associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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7
Q

Chemical Energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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8
Q

Spontaneous Process

A

occur without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly

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9
Q

free energy

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform (as in a living cell)

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10
Q

what happens during a spontaneous change?

A

free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

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11
Q

equilibrium (in context of stability)

A

state of maximum stability

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12
Q

ΔG

A

change in free energy

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13
Q

ΔS

A

change in entropy

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14
Q

ΔH

A

change in enthalpy

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15
Q

ΔG =…?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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16
Q

-ΔG?

A

spontaneous process

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17
Q

exergonic Reaction

A

net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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18
Q

endergonic Reaction

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous

19
Q

(in life) metabolism is never….?

A

at equillibrium

20
Q

3 main kinds of work a cell does?

A

chemical, transport, mechanical

21
Q

energy coupling

A

use of exergonic processes to drive and endergonic one

22
Q

what is the composition of ATP

A

ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups

23
Q

how is energy released from ATP

A

Hydrolysis Reaction; terminal phosphate bond is broken

24
Q

phosphorylation

A

transferring a phosphate group to a molecule

25
Q

how is ATP regenerated?

A

adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate

26
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

27
Q

enzyme

A

catalytic protein

28
Q

enzyme-catalyzed reaction example

A

sucrose—>sucrase

29
Q

substrate

A

reactant enzyme acts on

30
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

enzyme bound to its substrate

31
Q

active site

A

region on enzyme where substrate binds

32
Q

induced fit

A

brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

33
Q

how does the active site lower the E_A barrier?

A
  • orienting substrates correctly
    -straining substrate binds
  • making a favorable microenvironment
  • covalently bonding to the substrate
34
Q

what affects activity of an enzyme

A

pH, temperature, chemicals

35
Q

cofactors

A

non-protein enzyme helpers

36
Q

coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

37
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with substrate

38
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A

bind to another part of the enzyme, causing enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

39
Q

examples of inhibitors

A

toxins, poisons, pesticides, antibiotics

40
Q

allosteric regulation

A

either inhibit or stimulate enzyme’s activity

41
Q

allosterically regulated enzymes

A

made from polypeptide subunits

42
Q

what stabilizes inactive form of the enzyme

A

binding of activator

43
Q

binding of inhibitor

A

stabilizes inactive form of enzyme

44
Q

cooperativity

A

form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

45
Q

feedback inhibition

A

prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources because the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

46
Q

where are the enzymes for cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

Gen. Bio A (12 decks)

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