Ch.8, Lived Environment

Question 1

Activities of Daily Living:

Answer 1

such as bathing, eating, using the toilet, and walking about the home.

Question 2

environmental gerontology

Answer 2

The study of the behavioural, social, and psychological implications of encounters between older adults and their environment

Question 3

(IADLs), s

Answer 3

such as maintaining a house, preparing meals, and shopping or banking because of difficulty in walking or standing

Question 4

Ecological Model of Aging

Answer 4

The ecological model of aging illustrates that the level of individual competence can vary from low to high, while the degree of environmental press can range from weak to strong.

Question 5

Individual competence

Answer 5

includes health, sensorimotor functioning, perception, and cognitive skills, and it is measured by observable behaviour that reflects the presence of these states and abil- ities

Question 6

Environmental press
(demands)

Answer 6

includes an assessment of five types of environments in later life that can create different demands, or “presses,” for older people (the personal environment, including significant others, such as a spouse, children, and friends and the group environment, which provides social norms and reference groups, the supra-personal environment, or the average characteristics of individuals in the immediate neighbourhood (i.e., similarities or differences in age, income, race,

Question 7

Docility hypothesis:

Answer 7

that as the level of competence increases, the ability to tolerate higher levels of environmental press increases

Question 8

Environmental Proactivity:

Answer 8

In this process, older people actively adapt to or change their physical or social environ-ment before the environment creates pressure for change.

Question 9

Multi-Level PE Model of Aging

Answer 9

SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS
Argue that a life-course perspective must be incorporated within the person–environment (P–E) model of aging, since the timing, duration, and sequencing of person–environment transactions and thresholds vary across the life course, particularly in later life.
Multi-level P–E model of aging involves an individual’s subjective perception of the relative importance of three environmental domains: structural resources (e.g., housing, the neighbourhood, the community); social support (i.e., from family, friends, neighbours); and service support (i.e., from home care, community agencies, health services)

Question 10

Residential Normalcy

Answer 10

The model equates individual-environment “residential normalcy” with older persons having favorable or positive emotion-based residential experiences that have relevance to them. Older persons are theorized as being in their residential comfort zones when they experience overall pleasurable, hassle-free, and memorable feel- ings about where they live; and in their residential mastery zones when they occupy places in which they feel competent and in control.

Question 11

Integrative Framework of Aging

Answer 11

This framework also connects the principal elements of many of the models presented above. It combines agency (proactivity), belonging, and P–E resources with life-course changes and experiences to explain developmental outcomes—identity, well-being, and autonomy—and, ultimately, aging well

Question 12

Hidden victims

Answer 12

Older victims are sometimes referred to as “hidden victims” because they are less likely than younger people to report crimes—for fear of retaliation, for fear that their children or friends will think they are no longer able to take care of themselves, or from a reluctance to admit that they were exploited by a fraudulent investment scheme.

Question 13

International assistance

Answer 13

migration is motivated by the onset of a moderate disability or increasing negative life circumstances (poverty, civil unrest, lack of social or health services) that persuades an older single parent or couple to join a child who already lives in another country; or they might accompany their adult children who migrate as refugees or immigrants. For some older persons, these moves create depression, a sense of isolation, and intergenerational conflict that may result in a return migration to their more comfortable home community

Question 14

International amenity

Answer 14

migration by healthy, independent older persons is motivated by a wish to live in a better climate or in a place where the cost of living is lower—for example, migrating from Canada to Mexico or a Caribbean island, from north- ern Europe or the UK to southern Europe or North Africa.

Question 15

“principlism”

Answer 15

The dominant framework of bioethics is “principlism”—that is, the use of commonly held principles (autonomy, justice, dignity, privacy) and ethical rules (obligation to reveal the truth) that guide what we “ought” to do when making decisions about or for others
Principlism can fail to guide us when there are family, social, or cultural differences in what is considered an ethical practice or standard.

Question 16

Independent Housing

Answer 16

People prefer to remain in the family home in their later years because the dwelling is a symbol of independence; a repository of family history, artifacts, and memories; a familiar and supportive social and physical environment; and a link to a valued “community”

Question 17

Independent/Supportive Housing

Answer 17

Independent or supportive living is a form of housing that combines shelter, usually in the form of rented units, with a variety of services (congregate meals, security, housecleaning, and personal care) as needed; Residents are not viewed as “patients” as they are in nursing homes, and they are more involved in decisions about their “home” through a resident council and periodic consultations.

Question 18

Community

Answer 18

has a number of meanings that we must be familiar with in order to create successful policies and programs for older people. On the simplest level, a community is a geographical space defined by political or natural geographical boundaries

Question 19

Three causal factors of falls

Answer 19

CAUSES OF FALLS Personal (e.g., loss of balance, cognitive impairment);
Home (e.g., poor lighting, slippery stairs and floors);
Community (e.g., sidewalks with cracks or ice).
Preventive measures: exercising to improve balance, using assistive devices, installing grab bars and railings.

Question 20

Personal and supra-personal en

Answer 20

Personal: including significant others, such as a spouse, children, and friends and the group environment, which provides social norms and reference groups,
Supra-personal: environment outside of the home, environment, or the average characteristics of individuals in the immediate neighbourhood (i.e., similarities or differences in age, income, race,