Ch.7 Health and Aging FINAL

Question 1

Comorbidity

Answer 1

(more than one condition at the same time associated with an index or primary condition such as diabetes) index condition: would be a main condition like diabetes, minor condiition is like flu

Question 2

Multimorbidity

Answer 2

(more than one concurrent chronic condition without an index condition)

Question 3

INCIDENCE VS. PREVALENCE

Answer 3

Incidence (rate of new cases
Prevalence (current rate),

Question 4

Morbidity Compression:

Answer 4

the tendency for the onset of disease in later life to be compressed into a shorter period at the end of life; If this compression is taking place, then people are living longer with an extended period of good health, and future cohorts of elderly persons might use fewer health-care resources.

Question 5

Disability-free life expectancy:

Answer 5

(also known as “healthy life expectancy”) measure is frequently used to estimate the average number of years of life remaining (at a given age) without disability.

Question 6

Centenarians/Longevity; Survivors, Delayers, Escapers

Answer 6

Survivors (those who experience an age-related illness before age 80 but make it to 100+)
Delayers (those who do not experience an illness until after age 80 and make it to 100+); and
Escapers (those who reach 100 without experiencing an age-related disease).

Question 7

Blue zones:

Answer 7

There are pockets of extreme longevity found around the world

Question 8

Classic Health Belief Model

Answer 8

Identifies a number of interacting com- ponents of health beliefs (perceived seriousness of and susceptibility to illness; motivational cues to action that influence the propensity to alter health behaviours or seek treatment).

Question 9

The Social Determinants of Health:

Answer 9

include socio-economic status; living and working conditions; the physical environment; and social support from family, friends, and the community

Question 10

Social Capital:

Answer 10

social capital has been added as a major determinant of health; physical and social structure of a community that facilitates mutual support, caring, self-esteem, sense of belonging, and enriched social relationships.

Question 11

The Medical and Social Models of Care (EMPHASIS ON MEDICALIZATION)

Answer 11

This approach focuses on the incidence, causes, and treatment of disease, and the emphasis is on treating or curing health problems with surgery, medications, bed rest, rehabilitation, or, for elderly patients, moving them to a facility offering 24-hour nursing care.
Criticized for “over-medicalizing” people—making them too dependent on formal health care when they should be taking greater control of their own health and illness and using community services and clinical health-care services.

Question 12

Medical iatrogenesis:

Answer 12

illness that is induced by the medical system (unnecessary surgery such as a hysterectomy, the negative impact of over-prescribing drugs, blood transfusions that may carry serious infections, and other health problems caused by health professionals or a stay in a hospital).

Question 13

The Social Model of Health Care (EMPHASIS ON PREVENTION)

Answer 13

Builds on the medical model. It views health as having a social (one’s socio-economic status or social support network), psychological (stress), physiological, biological, and genetic basis.

Question 14

Health Promotion Model (HEALTHY BEHAVIOR FOCUS)

Answer 14

(1) addressing health challenges (reducing inequalities, increasing prevention, and enhancing people’s ability to cope);
(2) supporting the mechanisms of health promotion (improving health knowledge, self-care, mutual aid, and healthy environments); and
(3) implementing community strategies (fostering public participation, strengthening community health services, and coordinating healthy public policy)

Question 15

Population Health Model (PHM) 3 dimensions

Answer 15

three-dimensional model based on health policy and health practice includes
(1) the determinants of health (income and social status, social support networks, education, working conditions, physical environment, biology and genetics, personal health practices, child development, and health services);
(2) health promotion strategies (strengthening community action, building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services);
(3) the different service levels that are needed (society, sector/system, community, family, and individual).

Question 16

Gender and Aging

Answer 16

Although women live longer, they live alone and experience more years with some disability, with non-fatal chronic diseases, with more comorbid or multiple health conditions, and with more stress and anxiety, especially after they are widowed
Moreover, women are more frequent users of health-care services, medica- tions, and residential-care facilities

Question 17

Healthy-Immigrant Effect.

Answer 17

The effect is strongest among recent immigrants because healthier people are more likely to emigrate and because health requirements in the Immigration Act screen out people with serious medical conditions

Question 18

Mental health

Answer 18

the capacity of each of us to feel, think and act in ways that enhance our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face.

Question 19

Mental illnesses

Answer 19

are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour—or any combinations thereof—associated with some significant distress and impaired functioning. Mental illnesses take many forms, including mental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders and addictions such as substance dependence and gam- bling.

Question 20

Two types of depression

Answer 20

Major depression, which is characterized by a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure;This is typically accom- panied by appetite loss, physical agitation, difficulty in concentrating or making decisions, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt
The second type is dysthymia, which includes depres sive symptoms that may be less severe than major depression but usually last for at least two years

Question 21

Delirium

Answer 21

This common but usually temporary cognitive disorder involves fluctuation in consciousness, an inability to focus, hallucinations, periods of disorientation, and bizarre behaviour at random moments.

Question 22

Dementia

Answer 22

Dementia, an organic brain disorder of later life, impairs memory, thinking, and behaviour. It has been defined as “an acquired global impairment of cognitive function, sufficient to impinge on everyday activities, occurring in clear consciousness

Question 23

Romanow Commission:

Answer 23

recommended that Canadians adopt a health covenant that would state the objectives of a health-care system for the public, patients, and health-care providers; inform, educate, and support better decision-making within the health-care system; and serve as a common foundation for collaboration among governments, the public, health-care providers, and managers.

Question 24

​​Integrated Models of Care Delivery:

Answer 24

there was a movement across Canada to provide integrated care-delivery systems for older adults that included case management for home care (i.e., short-term care at home, typically after a hospital stay); home support (i.e., short- or long- term assistance with daily tasks at home for anyone meeting functional status assessments); community services to enhance independence and quality of life; residential care; and some aspects of acute care in hospitals

Question 25

Polypharmacy:

Answer 25

most studies find that the number and frequency of medications increase with age and that many older adults take more than one drug per day

Question 26

Integrated Framework of Aging

Answer 26

Combines individual agency
(proactivity), belonging, P-E resources with life course changes and experiences to explain developmental outcomes (identity, wellbeing, and autonomy)=aging well