Ch7 Exchange surf. + breathing Flashcards
How does gas exchange and transport compare in single celled organisms and multicellular organisms?
What are features of a specialised exchange surface?
Explain the process and components of the gas exchange system in bony fish:
How are gills adapted to be efficient ?
How are fish gill filaments adapted to optimise gas exchange?
- gill filaments have folds (secondary) lamellae that contain network of capillaries
- Blood flows through blood capillaries in opposite direction to flow of water
- = larger SA
What is Counter-current flow and why is it important (fish only)
- fresh water flows over gills in 1 direction
- counter-current flow is….:
- water + blood in gills flow in opposite directions.
- maintains favourable concn gradient for diffusion of both gases.
Describe the insect tracheal system:
How are tracheoles adapted to supply insects with sufficient gas exchange?
How can you increase the rate of airflow in an insect’s tracheal system for a more active insect?
Describe the Nasal Cavity:
Describe the Trachea:
Describe the Bronchus:
Describe the Bronchioles:
Describe the Alveoli:
How are the alveoli adapted to optimise gas exchange in multicellular organisms?
Explain the mechanism of inspiration and expiration:
What is the role of lung surfactant in a new born baby?
- Lung surfactants contain phospholipids (hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
- Surfactant stops the alveoli collapsing and sticking together as baby exhales.
What does a peak flow meter do?
Peak flow meter measures rate at which air is expelled.
Often used by asthama.
What does a vitalograph show?
Vitalograph are more advanced versions of peak flow meters.
They produce a graph showing volume + rate of exhaled air - called the Forced Expiratory Volume.
What does a Spirometer show and what precautions should one take before using one?
Spirometers used to investigate breathing patterns or different components of lung volume.
Before each use check:
- Has fresh air
- Mouth piece disinfected
- Equipment is working properly e.g. water level, valve.
- Tanks contains NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH)2 to absorb CO2
- Air chamber rises during expiration.
Define Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
TLC is the total volume of lungs : sum of vital capacity + residual volume.
What is the Vital Capacity?
Maximum Volume of air that can be inhaled / exhaled in one breath.
What is the Residual Volume?
Volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation - it cannot be measured directly.
What is Tidal Volume?
Volume of air moving in + out of lungs with each resting breath
Approx. 500cm3 in most adults (15% of Vital Capacity)
What is the Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
IRV = maximum volume of air you can breathe in over + above normal inhalation.
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
ERV = maximum volume of air you can exhale over + above normal Tidal Volume you breathed out.
How to calculate Ventilation Rate?
Ventilation Rate = tidal volume x 500 breathing rate. (cm3)
