Ch7 Age Of Jefferson Flashcards
Jeffersons first term
- maintain national bank + debt repayment plan
- neutrality policies
- limit central gov
- reduce size of military
- repeal excise tax
- lowered national debt
- suspend alien + sedition acts
- tries to impeach Federalist judges (UNSUCCESSFUL)
ONLY REPUBS IN HIS CABINET
LA Purchase background
1800 – French forced Spain to give back territory
1803 – Napoleon lost plan:
- Need French resources to fight Eng
- Rebellion in Santo Domingo = French loss
US interest
1802 Spanish closed port in New Orleans – revoked right of deposit fro Pickney treaty of 1795
LA Purchase
Gave New Orleans + entire Louisiana territory
Constitutional prob + effects of LA Purchase
No clause in constitution says president can purchase foreign land
More hope that country’s future based on agrarian society of independent farmers (not urban + industrial)
Federalist seen as weak
Importance of Lewis and Clark expedition 1804
Better relations with American Indians
Greater knowledge of region
Stronger claims to Oregon territory
Marbury v Madison
1803
Background, result, significance
1st decision by John Marshall
- Prev, John Adams appointed Federalist judges
- President Jefferson ordered James Madison NOT to deliver commissions to those Federalist judges
- William Marbury sued for commission
Marshall said under Judiciary Act 1789, Court had a greater power than constitution allowed—>
Marbury would not receive commission
Marshall sacrificed what would have been small federalist gain for the larger long term judicial victory
** by ruling a lot congress = unconstitutional, he established judicial review
Judicial review
- SC exercise power to decide if active congress/Pres was allowed by constitution
- SC cud overrule actions by other 2 branches
POWER
Quids
I choose to Jefferson of abandoning Democratic Republican principles
Barbary pirates
-Jeff refused to pay = sent small fleet of U.S. Navy to Mediterranean
- no decisive victory but:
1. Gained some respect
2. Letter to protect US vessels trading in Mediterranean
impressment
Napoleonic wars
–> seized neutral nations + confiscated cargoes
–>Brit captured US sailors + claimed they Brit citizens + force them to serve in Brit navy
Chesapeake leopard affair
1807
Brit warship Leopard fired US warship Chesapeake
Anti-British feelings
BUT JEFF SET ON NEUTRALITY
Embargo act
1807
**Alternative to war due to Chesapeake leopard affair
“peaceable coercion”
-prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to foreign ports
(hoping would affect Britain)
BACKFIRED
–> greater economic hardship to US
(Esp to merchant + shipbuilders of New England)
–> so bad that new England states wanted to secede from union
Brit determined to control the seas + no difficulty in substituting US
REPEALED 1809
Nonintercourse Act
1809
Places embargo act
US ship could trade with all nations EXCEPT Brit + France
Macon’s bill no. 2
1810
Macon introduced bill to restore US trade w/ Brit + France
BUT
If either Brit or France formally agreed to respect US neutrality,
US would prohibit trade with the other nation
Causes of War of 1812
- Violation of US neutral rights at sea
2. Troubles with British on western frontier
War of 1812
Enemy France + Brit
Brit violations = worse
Bc
Brit Navy impressed American sailors
War of 1812
Frontier tensions
Conflict with American Indians
Americans blamed British for instigating Indian rebellion
Battle of Tippecanoe
1811
Shawnee bros Tecumseh + Prophet
–> try to unite ALL tribes east of Mississippi River
White settlers suspicious = general William Henry Harrison takes aggressive action
Tecumseh’s efforts to form Indian Confed FAILS
Brits seen to be involved (THO provided limited aid to Indians)
War Hawks
-Young Democratic Republicans to congress
Led by: Henry Clay, John Calhoun
-Many from frontier
** wanted war with Britain
–> only way to:
(A) defend American honor
(B) gainCanada
(C) destroy American Indian resistance on frontier
Opposition to war
Critic: New Eng merchants
Critics saw War as “Mr. Madison’s War”
- repeal of Embargo act = profit from Euro war
- impressment = minor inconvenience
- Protestant ties to Protestant British than catholic French
Opposition to war
Critics: Federalists + Quids
FEDS
-saw war as scheme to conquer Canada + Florida
–> to increase democratic-Republican voting strength
QUIDS
-violated classic democratic republican commitment to limited federal power + maintain peace
Invasion of Canada
Americans raided and burn government buildings in York – Toronto
Naval battles
Lake Erie 1813- Amer win
Lake Champlain 1814- Amer win
Brit had to abandon plans to invade NY + NE
Chesapeake Campaign
- British army set fire to government buildings in Washington DC
- star-Spangled Banner
Southern campaign
British efforts to control Mississippi River
BUT
The battle of New Orleans 1815
–> Jackson lead a force of frontier soldiers, free African-Americans, Creoles
WON
Treaty of Ghent
1815
Ended war of 1812
British made no concessions regarding impressment!
Overall war ended in stalemate – no gain for either side
Hartford convention
***Try to reinstate influence of Feds
FAIL BC:
- Jackson’s victory at New Orleans
- Treaty of Ghent
- -> ended criticism of war + weakend Feds (seen as unpatriotic)
War of 1812 legacy
- US gains respect of other nations
- US excepts Canada as part of British Empire
- Federalists decline (even in NE)
- Secession talk from new England set a precedent to be used by the South
- Indians forced to surrender land to whites – abandoned by British
- British naval blockade = limits European goods
US factories built + Americans toward industrial self-sufficiency - War heroes = new gen of political leaders (Jackson, William Henry Harrison)
- Strong nationalism (US away from Europe)
