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APUSH > Ch 15 Reconstruction > Flashcards

Ch 15 Reconstruction Flashcards

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1
Q

Conservative/moderate Republicans

Most Republicans

A

Wanted abolition but proposed few other conditions

-economic gains for white middle-class

~Several became more radical in 1866 in fear that reunified Democratic Party may become dominant

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2
Q

Radical Republicans

  • led by
  • goals
A

House: Repsentative Thaddeus Stevens (PA)

Senate: Charles Sumner (MA)

  • ->want to revolutionize Southern society through military rule where
    (a) blacks exercise civil rights
    (b) educated schools by fed gov’t
    (c) blacks receive confiscated lands from planter class

Wanted

  • civil rights for blacks
  • Confed leaders punished
  • protect black legal rights
  • confiscate property of Cofed whites & redistribute to freedmen

-SOME want suffrage to freed slaves
(Ppl hesitant bc few N states allow blacks to vote)
- many supported liberal causes: women’s suffrage, rts for labor unions, civil rights
Ex: Benjamin Wade (Ohio)

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3
Q

Proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

A

Lincolns 10% plan
–> when 10% of people took loyalty oath, state government could be established

-Full presidential pardons given to confederates who

(a) Took oath of allegiance to the union + US Constitution
(b) accepted emancipation

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4
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A
  • radical response to Lincoln’s 10% plan as mild
  • president appt governor for ea state
  • required 50% of voters in state to take a loyalty oath
  • NO Confederates allowed to vote for a new state constitution

Lincoln refused to sign
–> pocket vetoed

Pocket veto engraved radicals

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5
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

1865

A

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

-provided food, shelter, medical aid: blacks + homeless

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6
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau + education

A

-benefit white + blacks
BUT no white attended Freedmen schools

  • by 1870s public school system= greater % blacks+white in school
    1876: 50+% white, 40% blacks

-large network of schools for former slaves
(tho White opposition – giving blacks “false notions of equality”)

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7
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau + segregation in education

A

Civil Rights Act of 1875= mandate school integration

NEVER PASSED- segregation!!

When Repub govt replaced by S Democrat: integration abandoned

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8
Q

Lincoln’s last speech

A

April 1865

Encouraged N to accept LA as reconstructed state
–> had already made constitution to abolish slavery + provide education for blacks

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9
Q

Andrew Johnson

A
  • Southern Democrat
  • BUT loyal to Union
  • White supremacist
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10
Q

Johnson’s Reconstruction policy

1865

A

~ Lincolns 10% plan:

disfranchisement of

  1. All former leaders of confederacy
  2. Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property

BUT
President had power to grant individual pardons to “disloyal” southerners
–> escape clause for wealthy planters

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11
Q

RESULT of Johnson’s reconstruction

A

Pardons: former Confederate leaders back in office by FALL 1865

…all 11 Ex-confed states qualified to become pt of union!!

  • S made a constitution repudiate secession
  • negated debts of Confederate government
  • ratify 13th amendment abolish slavery
  • -> NO extension for voting rights to blacks tho
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12
Q

Black Codes

of S state legislatures

A
  1. Prohibited blacks from renting land/borrowing money to buy the land
  2. Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

Blacks restricted to certain jobs: plantation work, domestic servants

Ex: contract-labor system = blacks worked cotton fields under white supervision for low wages

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13
Q

Johnson’s vetoes

1866

A

Freedmen’s Bureau Act- offered services and protection

Civil Rights Act- guaranteed full citizenship and equal rights to African-Americans

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14
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A

Pronounced all African-Americans to be US citizens

***repudiated the decision in the Dred Scott case & legal shield to Black Codes

-gave federal gov’t power to intervene to protect rights of citizens

Johnson vetoed

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15
Q

Alexander Stephens

A

1866

Georgia’s choice for Senator

Northern Republicans in Congress refused to seat Alexander Stevens + other elected representatives & senators from

Ex- confed states

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16
Q

14th amendment

Significance

A

Congress passed 1866
RATIFIED 1868

  • all persons born and naturalized in the US were citizens
  • States obligated to respect rts of US citizens & provided them with equal protection of the law

SIGNIFICANCE
-1st time: Constitution required STATES + federal gov’t to uphold rights of citizens

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17
Q

14th amendment on congresses plan of reconstruction

A
  • disqualified former Confederate political leaders from holding state/federal offices
  • penalized state that prevented an eligible voter from voting
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18
Q

Report of the joint committee (1866)

A
  • States of confederacy not allowed to representation in Congress
  • CONGRESS (NOT pres) had authority to determine conditions for allowing reconstructed states to join Union
  • Congress REJECTS presidential reconstruction plan
  • -> 14th amendment
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19
Q

Election of 1866

A

Victory for Republicans – had more than two thirds of majority in the House and Senate

–> Southern race riots in 1866 overwhelmed Republican majority

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20
Q

ReConstruction acts of 1867

A

(Congress passes three plans, overrode Johnson’s vetos)

  1. South under military occupation – confederate states into five military districts
  2. To win readmission must ratify the 14th amendment
  3. Grant franchise to ALL adult males
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21
Q

First former Confederate states to be brought back to Union

A

Tennessee July 1866

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22
Q

Tenure of office act 1867

A

~ unconstitutional violation of executive authority~

-prevented president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the senate

  • -> radicals prevent president from interfering
  • -> protects radical Republican Secretary of State Edward Stanton (military in South!!)
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23
Q

Impeachment of Johnson 1867 to 1868

A

-Johnson challenged tenure of office act = unconstitutional

  • House response by impeaching him
  • Johnson = 1st president to be impeached
  • One vote short of necessary 2/3 vote to remove the president from office

-some Republicans voted against conviction bc thot bad precedent to remove president for political reasons

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24
Q

Command of the army act 1867

A

No military orders except thru commanding general of the army or w/ Senate’s approval to relieve general

25
Q

Ex Parte Milligan

A

SC case of 1866

declared that
Military tribunals where civil courts existed = unconstitutional

Radicals don’t want to supply just to southern states with military

  • -> supposed bill threatening court
  • -> court didn’t hear reconstruction cases for two years
26
Q

Election of 1868

A

Democrats nominee: Horatio Seymour

-though grants popularity in North, he won 300,000 more votes than Democratic nominee + many black votes

–> republicans realize voting rights of Friedman needed federal protection

27
Q

By 1868 how many states readmitted?

A

10 former Confederate states for field conditions of 14th amendment, which is part of constitution

28
Q

15th amendment
1869; ratif 1870

States readmitted after this reconstruction amendment

A

Limited any state from denying a citizens right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

1869 – Virginia, Texas
1870 – Mississippi

29
Q

13th amendment

1865

A

Abolish slavery

30
Q

Civil rights act of 1875

A

Last civil rights reform en acted by Congress in reconstruction

  • equal accommodations in public space
  • Prohibit Court from excluding African-Americans from juries

** poorly enforced bc Republicans trying to reform S – feared losing white votes in N

31
Q

When we construction abandoned by Congress

A

1877

32
Q

Scalawags

A
  • Southern Republicans
  • former Whigs, successful
  • Republic better for economic interests
33
Q

Carpet baggers

A
  • Northern newcomers
  • investors interested in setting up new businesses
  • professionals/veterans (well educated)
34
Q

State legislature

A

-in every Republican state government in south, whites = majority

EXCEPTION
**SC- Freedmen controlled lower house 1873

–> no black man ever elected governor of the southern state

35
Q

African Americans in power = Resentment

A

African Americans with elective office = educated property holders MODERATES

Repubs in S chose AAs
1. Blanche K Bruce
2. Hiram Revels
To Senate

+12(+) AAs to House of Representatives

–> revels elected 1870 to take senate seat from Mississippi (prev held by Jefferson Davis)

36
Q

Reconstruction governments characteristics

A

-corruption
(N result of economic expansion of government services + revenues = strains on the elected officials)

-larger budgets = needed services in S for public EDU, public works, poor relief

37
Q

Republican Legislature in S

success + failures

A

SUCCESS

  • universal male suffrage
  • property rights for women
  • infrastructure
  • established state institutions – hospitals, asylums, etc.

–> paid for through tax systems + selling bonds

FAILURES

  • wasteful splendid
  • corruption, bribes
  • politicians took advantage of their power
38
Q

AAs in freedom: religious influence

A
  • independent black churches
  • -> negro Baptist
  • -> African-American Episcopal churches

-Black ministers = leaders in AA community

39
Q

AAs in freedom: EDU + migration

A

Black colleges: Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse

Established during reconstruction to prepare black ministers and teachers

Many migrated away from S –> frontier states: Kansas

40
Q

Civil rights act of 1875: EDU

A

Tried to mandate school integration + desegregation

BUT REMOVED B4 PASSD

41
Q

AA society

A
  • Women perform domestic work, less field labor
  • poverty + economic necessity = many black women do income producing activity for wages

END OF RECONST

  • Half of all black women work for wages
  • unlike white working women, most black working women = married
42
Q

Crop lien system

A

System of credit:

  • farmers = no steady cash flow = rely on credit from merchants to buy supplies
  • no competition = high interest rates
  • -> formers gave lien – claim on crops

EFFECTS
-Black, white landowners who gained land = lost bc DEBT
(AAs did not own much land to begin!!)

  • DEBT as formers experienced bad years for crops
  • -> farmers dependent on cash crops, ESP COTTON = only possibility to escape debt

-lack of diversity of crops = DECLINE in agricultural economy

43
Q

Sharecropping

A

-landlord provided seed + farm supplies in return for share of harvest (cash crop cotton)

~ servitude:
Sharecropping dependent on land owners/debt to local merchants

  • after pay lords, no crop left to sell
  • “fence laws”= prevent raising livestock = decline in living self-sufficient
44
Q

Spoils system

A

-political parties give public office to its supporters

45
Q

Crédit Mobilier

A

stocks to members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making

Profits coming from federal government costing millions

46
Q

Whiskey ring

A

Officials helps distillers cheat out of taxes

All please corruptions show that Grant was loyal to diss honest men = tarnished his presidency

47
Q

Election of 1872

A

Liberal Republicans + Democrats = nominated Horace Greeley

BUT REG REPUBS chose Grant

GRANT WON BC “waving the bloody shirt”
~ landslide~

48
Q

Panic of 1873

A
  • N laborers jobless + homeless
  • failures of investment bank (ex) invested too heavily on post war railroad buildings
  • debtors in farms

–> greenback paper money created = not supported by gold

  • 1784 Grant decides to side with those wanting money supply back to gold
  • vetoes a bill calling for release of additional greenbacks

–> helps bankers + creditors, not debtors

49
Q

Force Acts

1870 & 1871

A

-Federal authority (military) to stop Ku Klux Klan violence + protect civil rights of citizens in S

First time fed gov. Claimed power to prosecute crimes by individuals

-suspended habeas corpus when violations were atrocious

By 1872 clan violence down

50
Q

Amnesty act 1872

A
  • northerners put hatred of confederacy behind
  • removed last restrictions on X confederates – except for top leaders

** allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats = we take control of state gov

51
Q

Democratic rise

1874

A

Congressional elections of 1874 = democrats won majority in house

First time since 1861!

Grant used army to maintain Republican control in three states

52
Q

Election of 1876

A

By 1876 = fed troops left only in three states: SC, FL, LA

democrats returned to power in all X Confed state except the three

REPUBS want distance from corruption = Rutherford B Hayes

DEMOCS
Samuel J Tilden

  1. Popular votes = Tilden won
    BUT
    3 states disputed… needed ONE more electoral vote
  2. Electoral commission gave disputed votes to HAYES

Dems threatened to filibuster!!!

53
Q

Compromise of 1877

A
  • results of election of 1876: HAYES (Repub) gets all electoral votes
  • -> Dems threaten to filibuster
  • Dens allow Hayes as president if
    1. Ends fed support for Repubs in S (withdraw troops)
    2. Support building of S transcontinental railroad (grow Dem businesses)
54
Q

“redeemers”

A

1877 (Final withdrawal of troops): White Democrats = power

“Redeemer”/”Bourbons” members of powerful elite – mostly new class of merchants, industrialists

-movement to pay off prewar + reconstruction debits destroyed by mid 1880s

55
Q

Industrialization + new south

A
  • tobacco processing industry grow
  • Iron + steel industry grow in lower south
  • dramatic increase in real Road development 1886

BUT South only regaining: average income in S lower than N
-Women = factory/textile workers

56
Q

AAs in New South

A

Rise of black middle class

  • self-improvement
  • Edu
57
Q

Birth of Jim Crow

Trials

A

1896
•Plessy v Ferguson
separate accommodations did NOT deprive blacks of equal rights if accommodations = equal

1899
•Cummings v County Board of Edu
Laws for separate schools valid even if no comparable schools for blacks existed

58
Q

Jim Crow

A

-got around 15th amendment thru

poll tax/property requirement
OR literacy test

Jim Crow laws segregated areas of southern life = violence

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