ch.7

Question 1

the big 3: Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation, and Empathy

Answer 1

The “Big 3” are the individual difference variables most closely associated with prejudice.
Authoritarianism and social dominance resemble ideologies.
______________________________ – sets of attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and response in ways consistent with those viewpoints.
_____________________________ reflects a consistent pattern of emotional responses to factors that affect the welfare of others.

Question 2

authoritarianism

Answer 2

Authoritarian personality 
A personality type that is especially susceptible to unthinking obedience to authority.
Characteristic patterns include:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Stereotypy
Projectivity

Question 3

right wing authoritarianism

Answer 3

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) - defined as a set of attitudes in three clusters:
Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Conventionalism
Prejudiced against a wide variety of groups, especially those that authority figures condemn and that are perceived to violate traditional values.

Question 4

characteristics of rw authoriatrianists

Answer 4

Personal characteristics of people high in RWA that may predispose them to prejudice:
_______________________________________
Disinterest in experiencing new things
Perception of the world as a dangerous place
Tendency to organize their worldviews in terms of ______________________________ and ______________________________

Question 5

social dominance orientation

Answer 5

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) - desires that one’s ingroup dominant and be superior to outgroups.
Two components:
________________________________ dominance – belief that one’s group ought to be at the top of the social ladder above other groups.
Opposition to equality – belief that the groups on the bottom of the social ladder ought to stay there.

Question 6

social dominance orientation

Answer 6

People high in SDO prefer a society in which social groups are unequal and their group holds the superior position.
People who hold ________________________ in society exhibit higher levels of social dominance orientation.
Social power causes people to develop social dominance attitudes.

Question 7

social dominance orientation and prejudice

Answer 7

People high in SDO are prejudiced against members of groups that challenge the legitimacy of social inequality.
Personal characteristics that may predispose people high in SDO to prejudice:
Seeing the world in _______________________________
Belief that other groups’ successes necessarily come at their ingroup’s expense
Low empathy
Tough-minded

Question 8

social dominance orientation and authoritarianism

Answer 8

_______________________________
Focuses on dominance over outgroups, or relations between groups.
Focuses on eliminating competition for resources from other groups and maintaining the ingroup’s dominance in society.
_______________________________
Focuses on submission to ingroup authority figures, or relations within groups.
Focuses on seeking security against perceived threats from other groups by conformity to group norms and obedience to authority.

Question 9

empathy

Answer 9

An other-oriented response congruent with another’s perceived welfare.
The capacity for empathy varies among people.

Four components of empathy: 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Empathic concern
Personal distress
Fantasy

Research has found that more empathic people exhibit _________________________ prejudice.

Empathy can operate as a ______________________ against prejudice.

Being able to see the world from the viewpoint of other groups lead people to see an affinity between themselves and members of those groups, which inhibits the development of prejudice.

Question 10

social ideologies

Answer 10

Ideologies are important for two reasons:
They satisfy psychological needs and motives.
They inspire ______________________________
________________________________.

Question 11

religion

Answer 11

Some forms of religiosity are positively correlated with prejudice and other forms of religiosity are negatively correlated with prejudice.
Religious Involvement
Research has found that religious involvement is consistently correlated with a variety of forms of _____________________________.

Question 12

intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation

Answer 12

__________________________________ religious orientation – truly believe in their religions’ teachings and try to live their lives according to them.

___________________________________ religious orientation – use religion to achieve nonreligious goals and thus to provide security and solace, sociability and distraction, status and self-justification.

Research has supported the hypothesis that an extrinsic orientation is ___________________________ related prejudice, but correlations are often small.
Results for intrinsic religiosity are less clear – small negative correlation or no correlation.
Later research found that intrinsically religious people appear to be unprejudiced towards _______________, but no relationship was found between extrinsic religious people and prejudice.

Question 13

proscribed vs permitted prejudices

Answer 13

Some religions proscribe (forbid) some forms of prejudice while permitting prejudice against people who are perceived to violate the religion’s values.
People high on quest appear to be tolerant of prejudiced people, but not of intolerant behavior or people whose religious style is inconsistent with their own open-minded orientation.
There appears to be no ________________________ religious orientation.

Question 14

religious fundamentalism

Answer 14

Belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contain the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential, inerrant truth about humanity and deity and that those who believe and follow these fundamental teachings have a special relationship with the deity.

Highly correlated with an intrinsic orientation.
Somewhat negatively correlated with quest orientation.
Consistently associated with prejudice.
Correlation with prejudice is stronger for a permitted prejudice than for a proscribed prejudice.
Fundamentalism has a small positive correlation with ______________________________ prejudice.
This is different from intrinsic orientation’s negative correlation with proscribed prejudice.

Question 15

conclusions in religion

Answer 15

Three conclusions about the relationship between religion and prejudice:
Almost all religions teach acceptance and tolerance of _____________________________________.
This acceptance and tolerance can be limited to those who are perceived to share one’s religious ___________________; prejudice may be permitted against those who are perceived to violate those values.
The research is correlational so no conclusions can be made that religion __________________________ prejudice.

Question 16

political orientation

Answer 16

Political orientation is one of the most controversial topics in psychology of prejudice.
Research has consistently found a correlation between endorsement of conservative political beliefs and _______________________________________.
However, most of this research has been done by liberal academics.
Does this effect the results? Hypotheses?
Symbolic prejudice approach has been criticized because it defines prejudice in terms of some of the traditional American values that conservatives endorse.

Question 17

conservatism and prejudice

Answer 17

Why is there a relationships between conservatism and prejudice?
Two principal explanations:
1. Endorsement of conservative beliefs is correlated with both __________ and ________________, which are themselves related to prejudice.
Social dominance theory suggests that prejudice is caused by SDO and RWA rather than a conservative belief system.
Conservatism does not cause prejudice; rather, some prejudiced people use the conservative belief system as a means of justifying their prejudices.

. Attribution-value model of prejudice explains that conservatives are more likely than liberals to see people as being responsible for _____________________________________ they experience.
They are more likely to be prejudiced because they are more likely to perceive others as violating an important social value and dislike them for it.

Question 18

liberalism and prejudice

Answer 18

Liberals can be prejudiced as well.

Liberals exhibit _________________________ prejudice whereas conservatives exhibit modern-symbolic prejudice.

Liberals also believe that if you don’t subscribe to their view of the world then YOU are wrong and prejudiced (political correctness run amok).

Question 19

social policy attitudes

Answer 19

People with conservative political beliefs hold more negative attitudes toward social policies intended to increase intergroup equality than do people with liberal political beliefs.
Ex. Affirmative action
Conservatives ___________________________ affirmative action because they sincerely believe in certain principles that they see as being inherently inconsistent with programs that favor one group over another, especially when these programs are mandated or carried out by the government.

Question 20

conclusions in political orientation

Answer 20

Research indicates a ___________________________ correlation between conservatism and prejudice, but SDO and RWA can account for the relationship.

Some conservatives are prejudiced and some are not; those who are prejudiced tend to be high on SDO or RWA and are more likely to exhibit modern-symbolic prejudice.

Question 21

conclusions in political orientation

Answer 21

Liberals can also be prejudiced but they are more likely to exhibit aversive prejudice.

In addition, liberals seem quick to label anyone who doesn’t believe in their perspective as wrong. Prejudiced against those they perceive as prejudiced.

Objections many conservatives make to social programs are based on principle rather than prejudice. However, prejudiced people may use those principles to justify objections that actually stem from prejudice.