CH7

Question 1

control the digestive system and other organs

Answer 1

Smooth muscles

Question 2

control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Answer 2

Skeletal muscles/striated muscles

Question 3

heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles

Answer 3

Cardiac muscles

Question 4

a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Answer 4

neuromuscular junction

Question 5

causes the muscle to contract

Answer 5

Release of acetylcholine

Question 6

fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly

are anaerobic and use reactions that do not require oxygen, resulting in fatigue

Answer 6

Fast-twitch

Question 7

fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue

are aerobic and require oxygen during movement and therefore do not fatigue

Answer 7

Slow-twitch

Question 8

receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body

Answer 8

Proprioceptors

Question 9

are proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that respond to a stretch: cause a contraction of the muscle

Answer 9

Muscle spindles

Question 10

occurs when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it

Answer 10

stretch reflex

Question 11

refers to a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system

Answer 11

motor program

Question 12

located in the precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe

“orders” an outcome

active when people intend a movement

Answer 12

primary motor cortex

Question 13

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Damage to this area causes difficulty in coordinating visual stimuli with movement

Important for planning movement

Answer 13

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 14

Active during preparation for movement

Receives information about a target

Integrates information about position and posture of the body; organizes the direction of the movement in space

Answer 14

Premotor cortex

Question 15

Organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order; inhibitory if necessary

Active seconds before the movement

Active following an error in movement so you can inhibit the incorrect movement the next time

Answer 15

Supplementary motor cortex

Question 16

Active during a delay before movement

Stores sensory information relative to a movement

Necessary for you to consider the probable outcomes of a movement

Answer 16

Prefrontal cortex

Question 17

inhibits a saccade, a voluntary eye movement from one target to another

Answer 17

Antisaccade task

Question 18

Neurons that are active during both preparation of a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement

May be important for understanding, identifying, and imitating other people

May be involved in social behaviors

Unknown whether they cause or result from social behavior

Answer 18

Mirror Neurons

Question 19

are paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Answer 19

Corticospinal tracts

Question 20

a midbrain area with output mainly to the arm muscles

Answer 20

Red nucleus

Question 21

a brain area that receives information from the vestibular system

Answer 21

Vestibular nucleus

Question 22

controls the muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

Responsible for bilateral movements like walking, turning, bending, standing up, and sitting down

Answer 22

Medial Corticospinal Tract

Question 23

Inability for voluntary movement in part of the body

Cause: Damage to motor neurons or their axons in the spinal cord

Answer 23

Paralysis

Question 24

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the legs (Despite the lack of sensations from the genitals, stimulation of the genitals can produce orgasm.)

Cause: A cut through the spinal cord in the thoracic region or Lower

Answer 24

Paraplegia

Question 25

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in both arms and legs

Cause: Cut through the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region (or cortical damage)

Answer 25

Quadriplegia (or tetraplegia)

Question 26

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the arm and leg of either the right or left side

Cause: Cut halfway through the spinal cord or damage to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Answer 26

Hemiplegia

Question 27

Impaired sensations and muscle control in the legs and pelvic region, including bowel and bladder control

Cause: Damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord from the late stage of syphilis

Answer 27

Tabes dorsalis

Question 28

Paralysis.

Cause: A virus that damages motor neurons in the spinal cord

Answer 28

Poliomyelitis

Question 29

Gradual weakness and paralysis, starting with the arms and spreading to the legs

Cause: Unknown. Traced to genetic mutations in some cases, and to exposure to toxins in other cases

Answer 29

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 30

A structure in the brain often associated with balance and coordination

Important for the establishment of new motor programs that allow the execution of a sequence of actions as a whole, for example, tasks that require timing

Also critical for certain aspects of attention, such as the ability to shift attention and attend to visual stimuli

Answer 30

The Cerebellum

Question 31

is the surface of the cerebellum

Answer 31

cerebellar cortex

Question 32

flat parallel cells in sequential planes

transmit inhibitory messages to the cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum (clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum) and the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem

Answer 32

Purkinje cells

Question 33

axons parallel to one another; perpendicular to planes of Purkinje cells

Answer 33

Parallel fibers

Question 34

_____ excite ____

Answer 34

parallel fibers, purkinje cells

Question 35

a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain

critical for learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement, “automatic” behaviors, and new habits

Answer 35

basal ganglia

Question 36

a particular type of activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any type of voluntary movement

Answer 36

readiness potential

Question 37

A movement disorder characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity

Caused by gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra

Answer 37

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 38

A neurological disorder characterized by various motors symptoms

Associated with gradual and extensive brain damage especially in the basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex

Motors symptoms progress to tremors and writhing that affect the person’s walking, speech, and other voluntary movements

Answer 38

Huntington’s Disease