CH4 GENETICS

Question 1

shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition

Answer 1

dominant gene

Question 2

shows its effect only in the homozygous condition

Answer 2

recessive gene

Question 3

occurs in a phenotype where there is incomplete dominance in the heterozygous condition

Answer 3

intermediate gene

Question 4

all other genes except for sex-linked genes

Answer 4

Autosomal genes

Question 5

genes located on the sex chromosomes

usually refer to X-linked genes: e.g., red-green color deficiency

Answer 5

Sex-linked genes

Question 6

are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex

Answer 6

Sex-limited genes

Question 7

The production of new cells/ neurons in the brain primarily occurring early in life

Answer 7

Proliferation

Question 8

Migration

Answer 8

The movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations

Question 9

a heritable change in a DNA molecule

Answer 9

Mutation

Question 10

Microduplication/microdeletion

Answer 10

part of a chromosome that might appear once might appear twice or not at all

Question 11

A field that is concerned with changes in gene expression without the modification of the DNA sequence

Answer 11

Epigenetics

Question 12

Refers to how much characteristics depend on genetic differences

Answer 12

Heritability

Question 13

“The use or disuse of some structure or behavior causes an increase or decrease in that behavior”

Answer 13

Lamarckian evolution

Question 14

Refers to choosing individuals with desired traits and making them parents of the next generation

Answer 14

Artificial Selection

Question 15

The process by which glia produce the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons

Answer 15

Myelination

Question 16

The final stage of neural development – the formation of the synapses between neuron

Answer 16

Synaptogenesis

Question 17

undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons

Answer 17

Stem cells

Question 18

discovered that muscles do not determine how many axons form; they determine how many survive

Answer 18

Levi-Montalcini

Question 19

is a type of protein released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons

Answer 19

Nerve growth factor

Question 20

the most common type of stroke, resulting from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery

Answer 20

Ischemia

Question 21

a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery

Answer 21

Hemorrhage

Question 22

or “musicians cramp” refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far

Answer 22

Focal hand dystonia

Question 23

the heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

Answer 23

Denervation supersensitivity

Question 24

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

Answer 24

Diaschisis

Question 25

plays several important roles in regulating mood, reward processing, movement, and cognition.

Answer 25

Dopamine

Question 26

limbs that have lost their afferent sensory input

Answer 26

Deafferentated limb

Question 27

When a limb is amputated, the parts of the brain that used to control it can start responding to other body parts. However, they still remember the missing limb, which can cause feelings like the limb is still there, known as phantom limb sensations.

Answer 27

Cortical Reorganization

Question 28

is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, meaning it reduces the activity of neurons and helps to balance and regulate neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

Answer 28

Gamma-aminobutyric acid = or GABA

Question 29

Which is the most common, abundant, and main excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system?

Answer 29

Glutamte

Question 30

blank is the neurotransmitter linked to Alzheimer’s disease when there is too little, blank is the neurotransmitter linked to Parkinson’s disease when there is too little.

Answer 30

acetylcholine, dopamine

Question 31

he observed that reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon which lent evidence to the presence of the gaps between neurons called synapses.

Answer 31

Charles Scott Sherrington

Question 32

Which part of the neuron allows for the saltatory conduction of the action potential?

Answer 32

Nodes of Ranvier