CH4 GENETICS Flashcards
shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
dominant gene
shows its effect only in the homozygous condition
recessive gene
occurs in a phenotype where there is incomplete dominance in the heterozygous condition
intermediate gene
all other genes except for sex-linked genes
Autosomal genes
genes located on the sex chromosomes
usually refer to X-linked genes: e.g., red-green color deficiency
Sex-linked genes
are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex
Sex-limited genes
The production of new cells/ neurons in the brain primarily occurring early in life
Proliferation
Migration
The movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations
a heritable change in a DNA molecule
Mutation
Microduplication/microdeletion
part of a chromosome that might appear once might appear twice or not at all
A field that is concerned with changes in gene expression without the modification of the DNA sequence
Epigenetics
Refers to how much characteristics depend on genetic differences
Heritability
“The use or disuse of some structure or behavior causes an increase or decrease in that behavior”
Lamarckian evolution
Refers to choosing individuals with desired traits and making them parents of the next generation
Artificial Selection
The process by which glia produce the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons
Myelination
The final stage of neural development – the formation of the synapses between neuron
Synaptogenesis
undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons
Stem cells
discovered that muscles do not determine how many axons form; they determine how many survive
Levi-Montalcini
is a type of protein released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons
Nerve growth factor
the most common type of stroke, resulting from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery
Ischemia
a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a ruptured artery
Hemorrhage
or “musicians cramp” refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far
Focal hand dystonia
the heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon
Denervation supersensitivity
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
Diaschisis
plays several important roles in regulating mood, reward processing, movement, and cognition.
Dopamine
limbs that have lost their afferent sensory input
Deafferentated limb
When a limb is amputated, the parts of the brain that used to control it can start responding to other body parts. However, they still remember the missing limb, which can cause feelings like the limb is still there, known as phantom limb sensations.
Cortical Reorganization
is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, meaning it reduces the activity of neurons and helps to balance and regulate neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid = or GABA
Which is the most common, abundant, and main excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system?
Glutamte
blank is the neurotransmitter linked to Alzheimer’s disease when there is too little, blank is the neurotransmitter linked to Parkinson’s disease when there is too little.
acetylcholine, dopamine
he observed that reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon which lent evidence to the presence of the gaps between neurons called synapses.
Charles Scott Sherrington
Which part of the neuron allows for the saltatory conduction of the action potential?
Nodes of Ranvier
