CH3 Anatomy Flashcards
the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS
somatic nervous system
controls heart, intestines, and other organs
autonomic nervous system
controls heart, intestines, and other organs
autonomic nervous system
facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses
dominant during our relaxed states
parasympathetic nervous system
responsibke for vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing
medulla
helps regulate motor movement, balance, and coordination
cerebellum
brain bridge
connects the two hemispheres
the pons
allow the medula to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs
cranial nerves
allow the medula to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs
cranial nerves
allow the medula to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs
cranial nerves
The Midbrain roof of the midbrain
Tectum
The Midbrain processes sensory information
Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
The Midbrain contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation
Tegmentum
The Midbrain gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement
Substantia nigra
The most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain, with two cerebral hemispheres
the forebrain
hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
comprises the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus
basal ganglia
Consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem
Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
The Limbic System
A large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex
Toward the posterior portion of the forebrain
Critical for certain types of memory, especially memories for individual events.
The Hippocampus
small area near the base
Conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones
Hypothalamus
relay station from the sensory organs; main source of input to the cortex
Thalamus
Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain’s central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord
The Ventricles
Known as the striate cortex or the primary visual cortex
Highly responsible for visual input
Damage can result in cortical blindness
Located at the posterior end of the cortex
The Occipital Lobe
Contains the postcentral gyrus (“primary somatosensory cortex”)
Primary target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors
Also responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head, and body positions from information sent from muscles and joints
Essential for spatial information as well as numerical information
The Parietal Lobe
The most prominent part of the mammalian brain. Consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres
Divided into two halves
Joined by two bundles of axons called the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure
More highly developed in humans than other species
The Cerebral Cortex
Located on the lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples
Target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language
Also responsible for complex aspects of vision, including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors
Klüver-Bucy syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage
The Temporal Lobe
Contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus
The Frontal Lobe
The Frontal Lobe Precentral gyrus
also known as the primary motor cortex; responsible for the control of fine motor movement
The Frontal Lobe Prefrontal cortex
the integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex (most anterior portion of the frontal lobe)
Responsible for:
Higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning
Our ability to remember recent events and information (“working memory”)
a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser within the brain
Optogenetics
Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
removal of a brain area
ablation
damage to a brain area, often done for research
Lesion
used to damage structures in the interior of the brain
Stereotaxic instrument
The process of relating skull anatomy to behavior
Phrenology
