Ch.6: recog., analy, construct argum. Flashcards
Rhetoric
- art of persuasion
- defense of a particular position usually without adequate consideration of opposing evidence.
Rhetoric useful…
-once you have come to a reasoned conclusion, and are now trying to convince others of this conclusion.
Diff. b/w argument and rhetoric
- Rhet: goal=to win
- Argum.: goal=discover truth
Arguments
- two or more propositions
- the conclusion, is supported by the premise(s)
two types of arguments
- Deductive
- inductive
Deductive arguments
-contain a conclusion that necessarily follows from the premise.
Inductive arguments
-the premises provide support but not necessarily proof for the conclusion.
Syllogism
- Form of Deductive Reasoning.
- -Major Premise
- -Minor Premise
- -Conclusion
Major, minor, conclusion:
Everyone in our family went to the reunion. Michelle is a member of our family. Michelle went to the reunion.
Major=Everyone in our family went to the reunion.
minor=Michelle is a member of our family.
concl.=Michelle went to the reunion.
Inductive Reasoning
- reasoning by example
- Ex: On Monday, Michelle wore black all week, Michelle likes to wear black.
Propositions
- statements that express a complete thought.
- either be true or false.
conclusion
- is what the argument is trying to prove
- can appear anywhere in an argument.
Premises
- propositions that support or give reasons for acceptance of the argument.
- Reasoning proceeds from the premises to the conclusion.
- Good premises= based on fact and experience.
Descriptive Premise
- based on empirical facts
Prescriptive Premise
- contain value statements.
- –>opinions
- ex: The death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair and inequitable in practice
-Ex: 93% of all known executions worldwide took place in five countries: China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the United States.
