CH6 PROMOTING HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA

Question 1

health promotion (according to ottawa charter)

Answer 1

is the process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health& thereby improve their health

Question 2

examples of health promotion include:

Answer 2

social marketing, education, legislation & regulations that all aim to change the social, political & physical environment in order to promote behaviours

Question 3

health promotion involves… (WHO)

Answer 3

the population as a whole in the context of their everyday life, rather than focusing on people at risk for specific disease (it enables people to take responsibility & have control over their own health)

Question 4

considerations of an effective program (ATSI)

Answer 4

-the initiative/program is presented in a culturally appropriate manner
-initiative/program addresses language barriers
-initiative/program is located in places that ATSI peoples reside/frequent
-can be easily accessed
-initiative/program involves ATSI individuals/indigenous elders & community groups in both planning & implementation
-initiative/program addresses needs of the indigenous community & residents are able to communicate their thoughts on current concerns that need addressing
-initiative/program employ local indigenous members to be part of the implementation & delivery of the initiative/program
-initiative/program focuses on education & developing knowledge
-initiative/program works to foster partnerships & collaboration

Question 5

initiatives to improve ATSI h&w:

Answer 5

-close the gap campaign for indigenous health equality
-aboriginal road to good health
-national aboriginal & torres strait islander health plan 2013-2023
-tackling indigenous smoking (TIS) program
-aboriginal quitline
-national tobacco campaign
-red dust healing

Question 6

close the gap campaign

Answer 6

-is operated by aus’ peak ATSI & other health bodies, health professional bodies & human rights organisations
-the goal is to improve health & LE of aus’ ATSI peoples so that it reaches the same standard as that of the rest of aus’ population by 2030 (within a generation)

the campaign’s refreshed targets include:
-95% of all ATSI 4-year-olds enrolled in early childhood education by 2025
-significant & sustained progress to eliminate the over-representation of aboriginal children in out-of-home care
-a significant & sustained reduction in violence against ATSI women & children
-60% of ATSI people aged 25-64 years are employed by 2028

Question 7

aboriginal road to good health

Answer 7

-the Road to Good Health program is designed to support aboriginal health workers & other health professionals who work with indigenous australians to promote healthy lifestyles
-it is a free service run by aboriginal health workers
-aboriginal australians learn about how diff foods affect their health, how to read food labels, how to get active & stay on track, how to maintain a healthy weight & how to purchase inexpensive healthy foods

Question 8

how the road to good health reflects the OCHP

Answer 8

STRENGHTEN COMMUNITY ACTION
through working with the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service (VAHS), the Life! Program is able to integrate its Road to Good Health type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention program with VAHS’s 6 week challenge, which strengthens community action

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
through the program, ATSI peoples are taught how diff foods affect their health, how to read food labels, how to get active & stay on track, how to maintain a healthy weight & how to purchase inexpensive healthy foods, which helps to develop personal skills

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
through providing support for aboriginal health workers & other health professionals, & running group sessions, the Life! Road to Good Health program is able to create supportive social environments

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
the Aboriginal Road to Good Health program provides support to health professionals to help ATSO peoples prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus & heart disease

Question 9

national aboriginal & torres strait islander health plan 2013-2023

Answer 9

-since 2011, as part of the plan to ‘close the gap’ the commonwealth gov has worked with the ATSI people to develop a 10 year plan to provide direction for ATSI health policy
-this plan is the result of a partnership between the commonwealth gov & the ATSI people & community organisations

Question 10

tackling indigenous smoking (TIS) program

Answer 10

-TIS is a national program funded by the commonwealth gov under the Indigenous Australians Health Programme
-it aims to reduce smoking rates, which are the most preventable cause of ill-health among ATSI people
-the program includes a range of initiatives such as regional tobacco control grants, a National Best Practice Unit, enhancements to existing Quitline services, brief intervention training, program evaluation & monitoring, & special projects in areas of high need

Question 11

aboriginal quitline

Answer 11

-provides confidential support for ATSI people based in VIC, NSW & QLD who would like to quit smoking
-all quitline services in aus are funded to provide culturally sensitive services to ATSI people
-aboriginal quitline advisors have specialist training to assist people to quit smoking in a culturally appropriate way
-they provide the caller with a plan to help them quit that is tailored to their individual needs & also provide them with info on diff ways to quit & products to help them, along with other resources

Question 12

national tobacco campaign

Answer 12

-targets all smokers; it targets vulnerable groups such as ATSI people, those from culturally & linguistically diverse backgrounds, regional & rural communities, & pregnant women & their partners
-campaign advertisements focus on the negative health effects of smoking as well as promoting benefits of quitting smoking

Question 13

red dust healing

Answer 13

-is a targeted cultural healing program that has been written from an Aboriginal pov
-aims to engage ATSI people in order to help them recognise & confront problems that stem predominantly from rejection & grief, & to reduce levels of substance abuse & promote empowerment in communities

Question 14

role of health promotion in reducing skin cancer

Answer 14

-skin cancer refers to the uncontrolled & abnormal growth of skin cells
-melanoma skin cancer starts from cells in the skin called melanocytes, which produce melanin that gives colour to the skin
-non-melanoma skin cancer refers to all forms of skin cancer that do not start in the melanocytes cells
-health promotion has an important role in educating people about how to protect themselves from skin cancer, including media campaigns about the signs to look for & the importance of early detection

Question 15

risk factors of skin cancer include…

Answer 15

EXPOSURE TO UV RADIATION
-exposure to UV radiation can damage DNA & increase the risk of skin cancer

FAMILY HISTORY
-people with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) with melanoma have a greater risk of being diagnosed
-those who have a family history of non-melanoma skin cancer are at a significantly higher risk of developing it

AGE
-the risk of being diagnosed generally increases with age, as the amount of exposure to the sun in our lifetime & the number of episodes of sunburn can take effect as we age

SKIN TYPE
-melanin in the skin protects it from the sun & this puts people with fairer skin at greater risk
-however, a risk for people with darker skin is that the cancer is often diagnosed at a later stage, making it more life-threatening

GENDER
-males tend to be more likely to develop melanoma than females, as males are more likely to work & be physically active outdoors & this puts them at greater risk of death from skin cancer

Question 16

why is skin cancer is targeted by health promotion?

Answer 16

-melanoma skin cancer rates have increased from 1982 to 2016, & is the 4th most commonly diagnosed cancer
-targeted because of its significant economic burden & it is a condition that is largely preventable & has a considerable impact on the emotional & mental wellbeing of an individual

Question 17

examples of health promotion to address skin cancer

Answer 17

-preventing skin cancer relies largely on behaviours of individuals & the actions that people take to protect their skin from UV damage
-there is some opportunity to make changes in policy (particularly in schools) & change the environment (creation of shade), but most of the responsibility to protect our community from skin cancer rests on individuals & their Sun Smart behaviours
-there have been many health promotion initiatives implemented over the past few decades to address the incidence of skin cancer

Question 18

SunSmart

Answer 18

-is a program that is internationally recognised for providing leadership in UV protection
-the aims of the SunSmart program in victoria are to improve skin cancer prevention awareness, knowledge, attitudes & behaviours; support priority populations to detect skin cancers earlier; & advocate for measures that aim to reduce the health & economic burdens of skin cancer

Question 19

how SunSmart reflects the OCHP

Answer 19

BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
-through lobbying to ban the use of solariums & the development of policies as part of the SunSmart Schools initiative, the program helps to build healthy public policy

STRENGHTEN COMMUNITY ACTION
-through a range of SunSmart health-promotion initiatives, such as lobbying for changes in legislation & working with schools & workplaces in the SunSmart Schools & workplaces initiatives

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
-through working to spread its health-promotion message ‘Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek, & Slide’, SunSmart aims to develop personal skills by education people about the actions they can take to protect their skin from skin cancer

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
-through the SunSmart Schools initiative, SunSmart creates supportive environments as it encourages schools to build shade to promote supportive physical environments

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
-through providing specialised training & education for doctors & encouraging them to spread the SunSmart message during consultations with patients

Question 20

why smoking is targeted by health promotion

Answer 20

-smoking is a risk factor for a number of diff cancers, CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, fractures & reproductive problems in women
-the chemicals in a cigarette not only affect the smoker but also other people exposed to the smoke (passive smoking)
-the most vulnerable population groups are more likely to smoke, which further increases the inequity in health status experienced by these population groups
-tobacco smoking is targeted because it is a totally modifiable risk factor, meaning that it is one risk factor with an impact that the aus community can totally reduce

Question 21

health promotion campaigns to address smoking:

Answer 21

-QUIT
-national tobacco campaign

Question 22

QUIT

Answer 22

-QUIT program of Cancer Council Victoria began when it was identified that tobacco was the most significant health priority in the state
-a committee was formed with representatives from Vic Health department, Cancer Council Vic & National Heart Foundation of Aus (Vic Division), that provided advice to the Minister for Health on legislation & policy aimed at reducing the prevalence of smoking in Vic
-QUIT’s purpose is to encourage, support & promote people in quitting smoking for preventative health reasons

Question 23

how QUIT reflects the OCHP

Answer 23

BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
-QUIT has assisted in the implementation of a range of policies & laws aimed at reducing the impact of smoking on the health of Victorians, including the banning of tobacco advertising, banning of smoking in public places, changes to tobacco taxation & increasing age of legal purchasing on tobacco

STRENGHTEN COMMUNITY ACTION
-QUIT has worked with a range of groups within the community to increase the success of its program & initiatives, including working with the state gov to change legislation, working with community health-promotion agencies to develop health-promotion initiatives & providing resources for schools

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
-QUIT provides info about the impact of smoking, & advice & strategies to assist people to quit smoking

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
-through the Quitline, QUIT provides a supportive social environment with the purpose of assisting individuals to quit smoking, & it also has online support available via the QUIT website

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
-QUIT provides a range of face-to-face & online learning opportunities designed to help health professionals support their patients to quit smoking

Question 24

national tobacco campaign

Answer 24

-targets all smokers, however, focuses particularly on the most at-risk population groups, including ATSI peoples, those from culturally & linguistically diverse backgrounds, rural communities & pregnant women
-examples of their initiatives include media campaigns focusing on the negative health effects of smoking as well as promoting the benefits of quitting, a website that provides info about the harmful effects of smoking & advice to help/support ppl, development of the Quit for You Quit for Two app & MyQuitBuddy app, specialised info for health professionals to assist them in supporting individuals

Question 25

how the national tobacco campaign reflects the OCHP

Answer 25

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
-through its website, with info, advice & support, the campaign aims to educate people & therefore develop personal skills

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
-through the development of the Quit for You Quit for Two app & My QuitBuddy app, the campaign aims to create supportive social environments by offering encouragement & support to people trying to quit

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
-through providing specialised info for health professionals to assist them to support individuals to quit, info about quitting among vulnerable groups, such as those with mental illness, pregnant women, prisoners & ATSI peoples, the campaign assists health professionals to reorient health services & work to prevent illness

Question 26

why road safety is targeted by health promotion

Answer 26

-transport accidents were the leading cause of hospitalisation for males aged 15-24 years in 2013-14 in Vic
-some population groups are more affected than others, such as younger drivers, males & those in rural areas
-deaths from transport accidents are preventable
-road crashes have a significant economic impact on the aus gov & those who are injured due to the cost of treatment, rehabilitation, social security payments, lost productivity, cost of care & lost income
-traffic accidents affect all road users including drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, pedestrians & cyclists

Question 27

health promotion campaigns to address road safety:

Answer 27

-towards zero
-australasian new car assessment program (ANCAP)

Question 28

towards zero

Answer 28

-towards zero is about saving as many lives & reducing as many serious injuries as possible
-the Road Safety Strategy is about creating a safe system for all Victorians & this includes working to create safer roads & roadsides, safer speeds, safer vehicles & safer road use by all road users
-the principles of Toward Zero include human health is paramount, people make mistakes, people are fragile, people have a limited tolerance to physical forces & road safety is a shared responsibility

Question 29

how towards zero reflects the OCHP

Answer 29

BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
-through changing the number of hours of night driving by learners drivers & new legislation requiring that all drink drivers caught over the limit will have to drive vehicles with alcoholic interlocks, Towards Zero is building healthy public policy

STRENGHTEN COMMUNITY ACTION
-involving 5 key organisations to oversee Towards Zero strategy & action plan encourages community action by working with local gov, community groups & sharing responsibility of road safety with the Vic community as these organisations will need to work together to achieve the common goal of Towards Zero

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
-through the initiative to provide mandatory training for motorcyclists & a practical safe driving program for secondary school students, Towards Zero aims to develop personal skills by teaching safe driving behaviours

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
-the addition of barriers or tactile centre & edge lines on more than 2500km of the riskiest parts of the high-speed rural road network & the removal of 50 of Vic’s most dangerous level crossing will help to create supportive physical environment with the aim of reducing the number of transport accidents

REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
-the development of a better system of online medicals reports to allow timely & high-quality assessments to help keep older drivers safer on the roads is reorienting health services because doctors are working to prevent fatalities among older drivers by ensuring that details about their health are easily accessible online

Question 30

australasian new car assessment program (ANCAP)

Answer 30

-ANCAP is Australasia’s leading independent vehicle safety advocate
-ANCAP provides consumers with transparent advice & info on the level of occupant & pedestrian protection provided by diff vehicle models in the most common types of cashers, as well as their ability to avoid a crash
-vehicles are awarded a safety rating from between 1 & 5 stars, which provides consumers with a guide as to how a car performs in regards to safety in the event of a crash
-ANCAP aims to improve road safety not only by making consumers more aware of the safety of the vehicle they are purchasing, but also encouraging car manufacturers to make their vehicles safer

Question 31

how ANCAP reflects the OCHP

Answer 31

BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
-ANCAP has developed a new policy in an attempt to better align safety rating with Euro NCAP

STRENGHTEN COMMUNITY ACTION
-ANCAP strengthens community action by working with 23 member organisations in Aus & NZ, & also maintains strong links with other NCAPs & international advocates to lift & align safety standards around the world & to work with vehicle brands to raise the bar on safety while remaining independent

DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
-through education consumers on new vehicle safety features & safer vehicle choices, & educating & influencing decision-makers to advocate for improved vehicle safety, ANCAP aims to develop personal skills

CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
-through providing an informative website that consumers can access 24 hours a day to check the safety star rating of a vehicle they might be looking to purchase, ANCAP aims to create a supportive environment through supporting consumers to purchase safer vehicles