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CompTIA Book > Ch.6 Microprocessors > Flashcards

Ch.6 Microprocessors Flashcards

1
Q

External Data Bus

A

EDB; A set of wires that run from components within a computer to the CPU. These wires communicate data to the CPU by sending On/Off signals by the presence of a charge on the wire.

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2
Q

Central Processing Unit

A

CPU, Microprocessor; A part of the computer in which arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded and executed. The CPU controls the operation of the computer.

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3
Q

Registers

A

Worktables within the CPU for the purpose of performing calculations

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4
Q

Name the General-Purpose Registers

A

AX
BX
CX
DX

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5
Q

Machine Language

A

A set of instructions executed directly by a computer’s CPU. Each instruction performs a specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory.

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6
Q

Instruction Set

A

The complete set of machine language commands a CPU understands

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7
Q

Clock Wire

A

A wire connected to the CPU that tells the CPU that another piece of information is waiting to be processed.

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8
Q

Clock Cycle

A

A single charge on the clock wire; the CPU requires at minimum two clock cycles to act on a command

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9
Q

Clock Speed

A

The number of clock cycles a CPU can handle in a given period of time. It is the fastest speed at which a CPU can reliably operate.

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10
Q

Clock Speeds

A 
1 hertz (1 Hz) = 1 cycle per second
1 megahertz (1 MHz) = 1 million cycles per second
1 gigahertz (1 GHz) = 1 billion cycles per second
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11
Q

System Crystal

A

A quartz oscillator that sends out an electrical pulse millions of times a second, determining the speed at which the CPU and the rest of the PC operate. It essentially creates the clock speed.

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12
Q

Program

A

A series of commands sent to the CPU in a specific order in order for the CPU to do work

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13
Q

1 or 0

A

Bit

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14
Q

4 bits

A

Nibble

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15
Q

8 bits

A

Byte

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16
Q

16 bits

A

Word

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17
Q

32 bits

A

Double word

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18
Q

64 bits

A

Paragraph/Quad word

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19
Q

RAM

A

Random Access Memory

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20
Q

DRAM

A

Dynamic Random Access Memory

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21
Q

MCC

A

Memory Controller Chip; A chip that stands between the CPU and RAM that selects the portion of RAM asked for by the CPU

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22
Q

Address Bus

A

The wires running from the CPU to the MCC that facilitate the communication of which spot in memory the CPU wants

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23
Q

Formula for calculating potential RAM

A

2 to the X power where X equals the number of wires on the address bus

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24
Q

What is throttling?

A

Limiting the speed of something, such as a processor or network speed

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25
Q

CPUID

A

CPU identifier; a function of the CPU that reports to the motherboard to set the speed and multiplier

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26
Q

How are 64-bit and 32-bit software applications represented?

A 
64-bit = x64
32-bit = x86
27
Q

Virtualization

A

The ability to run more than one OS at a time

28
Q

Parallel execution

A

The CPU is able to run multiple commands and parts of commands in parallel. he CPU uses multiple pipelines, dedicated cache, and the ability to work with multiple threads.

29
Q

4 steps of Pipelining

A
  1. Fetch
  2. Decode
  3. Execute
  4. Write
30
Q

Fetch

A

Get the data from the External Data Bus (EDB)

31
Q

Decode

A

Figure out what type of command needs to be executed

32
Q

Execute

A

Perform the calculation

33
Q

Write

A

Send the data back to the External Data Bus (EDB)

34
Q

Pipeline Stall

A

A halt in the pipeline due to a complex command that requires more clock cycles to complete

35
Q

ALU

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit; handles integer math, basic math for numbers with no decimal point

36
Q

FPU

A

Floating Point Unit; Special circuitry that handles complex numbers

37
Q

Wait State

A

A pipeline stall that results because RAM is unable to keep up with the CPU

38
Q

SRAM

A

Static RAM

39
Q

CPU Cache

A

L1, L2, and L3; a small amount of memory located on either the CPU (L1 and L2) or motherboard (L3) that stores frequently run commands by the CPU. The intention is to speed up the processing of data.

40
Q

Frontside Bus

A

The address bus and external data bus connecting the CPU, MCC, and RAM

41
Q

Backside Bus

A

The connection between the CPU and L2 cache

42
Q

Hyper-threading

A

The ability of a CPU to run multiple threads at the same time

43
Q

What are the 2 limitations of hyper-threading?

A
  1. The OS and application must be designed to take advantage of hyper-threading
  2. The processing power is not doubles because the main execution resources are not duplicated
44
Q

Multicore Processor

A

A processor that is the combination of two or more CPUs (or cores) into one

45
Q

GPU

A

Graphics Processing Unit; The generic term for the video processor

46
Q

LGA 775

A

Intel; 775 pins; Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4 Extreme, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Xeon

47
Q

LGA 1155

A

Intel; 1155 pins; Core i3/i5/i7, Pentium, Celeron, Xeon

48
Q

LGA 1156

A

Intel; 1156 pins; Core i3/i5/i7, Pentium, Celeron, Xeon

49
Q

LGA 1366

A

Intel; 1366 pins; Core i7, Xeon, Celeron

50
Q

940

A

AMD; 940 pins; Opteron, Athlon 64 FX

51
Q

AM2

A

AMD; 940 pins; Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2; Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, Sempron, Phenom

52
Q

AM2+

A

AMD, 940 pins; Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon II, Opteron, Phenom, Phenom II

53
Q

AM3

A

AMD, 941 pins; Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, Opteron

54
Q

AM3+

A

AMD; 942 pins; FX

55
Q

FMI

A

AMD; 905 pins; A

56
Q

F

A

AMD; m1207 pins; Opteron, Athlon FX

57
Q

Zero Insertion Force

A

ZIF; Sockets are made in such a way that they require zero force to insert a CPU into them.

58
Q

What are the three cooling options for a CPU?

A
  • An OEM heat-sink and fan
  • An after market heat-sink and fan
  • Liquid cooling
59
Q

What are the three parts to a liquid cooling system?

A

∙ A hollow metal block that sits on top of the CPU
∙ A pump to move the liquid around
∙ A device to cool the liquid

60
Q

What 3 things must be setup properly for the CPU to work properly?

A

∙ Motherboard speed
∙ Multiplier
∙ Voltage

61
Q

In what 2 categories to CPU failures typically fall?

A

∙ Overheating

∙ Catastrophic failure

62
Q

What are potential causes of overheating of the CPU?

A 
∙ Overclocking
∙ Failure of the cooling elements
∙ Too much thermal paste
∙ Too little thermal paste
∙ Failure to connect the fan assembly to the system board
63
Q

What is the result of a catastrophic error?

A

Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), otherwise known as a Windows Stop Error

64
Q

Symptoms of overheating

A

∙ Slow/sluggish PC

∙ Random shutdowns

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