Ch6 Flashcards
assimilation? What sources are needed?
where cells take molecules (food materials) and convert them into necessities needed to survive (all organisms must do it)
energy, electron, and carbon sources are needed
- phototrophs
- organotrophs
- chemotrophs
- heterotrophs
- autotrophs
- lithotrophs
- (energy source) organisms that (o.t.) capture light energy to generate chemical energy
- (electron source) ot receive energy from organic molecules (like glucose)
- (energy source) ot receive energy from oxidized compounds (inorganic/ organic) from the environment
- (carbon source) ot assimilate carbon from pre-existing organic molecules (like glucose)
- (carbon source) ot get carbon from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide through ***carbon fixation
- (electron source) ot that remove electrons from inorganic molecules like iron, sulfur, etc,
What is the importance of the acquisition of energy, electrons, and carbon?
Energy is needed for metabolism to occur, electrons are needed for redox reactions to occur, and carbon is needed for cells to grow and survive
What types of metabolic organisms cannot exist? Why is that?
photoorganoautotrophs and chemoorganoautotrophs; organotrophs already recieves carbon requirements from the preexisting organic carbon compounds
What is the importance of metabolism?
Provides the body with energy for things like respiration; underlies chemical reactions in cells that aid in sustaining life
Catabolism/ Anabolism? What do they rely on in order for this reaction to occur?
both parts of metabolism!!!
Catabolism is the breakdown/ oxidation of larger molecules
Anabolism is the buildup of smaller molecules
(an enzyme does this, and is not consumed in a reaction, as it can be used repeatedly)
Gibbs free energy
exergonic
endergonic
activation energy
G the amount of free energy released in a chemical reaction (“G°′) signifies standard conditions
2. energy being released in a chemical reaction
3. energy being absorbed in a chemical reaction
4. energy needed before a reaction can occur
What is ATP? What is its relationship with metabolism?
adenosine triphosphate; internal source of energy that used to elicit a reaction
2. Catabolism can result in making ATP, and this can be used for anabolism, the building of molecules useful to the cell
substrate-level phosphorylation
the simplest way to produce ATP; the transfer of phosphate from a reactive intermediate made from catabolism to ATP
GLYCOLYSIS?
At what point(s) is ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorylation? Why?
commonly used pathway in order to synthesize ATP
catabolism of glucose to pyruvate acid (results in 34 ATP)
2.) the production of intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate; has greater potential free energy than ATP
What is allosteric regulation?
enzyme regulation through binding effector molecule (molecule that influences the activity of protein) at allosteric site (where they can be turned on and off)
What is the tricarboxylic acid cycle? How many times does it run per glucose?
a series of reactions after glycolysis further breaking down the intermediates (pyruvate molecules)
2 runs per glucose
How much ATP is produced from substrate level phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation?
4ATP ; 34 ATP is then made from electrons removed from catabolic intermediates of glucose.
chemiosmosis
synthesis of ATP from free ADP and Pi using energy/electrons to create a proton gradient (end result is the creation of ATP, but the more complex way)
photophosphorylation
method of ATP generation for phototrophs ; using light energy for chemoosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation
method of ATP generation for chemotrophs; getting energy from the oxidation of chemical substrates
electron transport system? what conenzymes help transport these to the ETC?
a chain of electron-transporting molecules in the membrane. NAD (nicotinamide) and FAD help carry and transport electrons
this chain releases energy to move protons across membrane
protons flow back with the enzyme ATP synthase; kinetic energy converted by ATP synthase into chemical energy, thus ATP is created from ADP and Pi
What are redox reactions? What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
transfer of electrons from one molecule to another
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidizing agents oxidize other substances (gets reduced; gains an electron)
Reducing agents reduce other substances (loses an electron)
Reduction/redox potential
E; Tendency of a molecule to get electrons
The Embden Meyerhof Parnas Pathway (EMP)? what is the net?
most common glycolytic pathway, results in pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
2 invested in phase 1, resulted in net of 4 in phase 2
anaplerotic reaction
reaction that creates an important intermediate to sustain another metabolic pathway
What intermediates are precursors for amino acids
glucose 6 phosphate
fructose 6 phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
phosphoenolpyruvate
pyruvate
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
less commonly used pathway for glucose metabolism, but more for carbohydrates that contain aldehyde (shittier version of glycolysis) ATP yield is less
Pentose Phopshate Pathway
technically not glycolysis, five carbon sugar intermediates are released and WORKS WITH EMP.
primary use NADPH generation
What is the importance of the EMP, EDP, and pentose phosphate pathways?
All are interconnected in order to meet metabolic demands
Fermentation? Why is it important?
transfer of electrons DIRECTLY to an organic molecule (usually pyruvate)
Prevents the accumulation of NADH, so enzymes that need NAD+ can function (if not cells will die)
anaerobic; does not require oxygen
Cellular respiration? What is its importance?
It is the transfer of electrons INDIRECTLY (through ETC) to an inorganic/organic terminal electron acceptor
What molecules are most essential for generating the amino acids? Do you know the reaction steps? In the cyclist is in?? What is the importance of this cycle
alpha-ketoglutarate; succinyl-CoA; Oxaloacetate (feedback inhibition for glycolysis)
3;4;8 Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
HAS A KEY ROLE IN ATP SYNTHESIS
What is the main benefit of respiration?
allows the recycling of NAD, resulting in ATP generation, unlike fermentation since the TCA cycle and electron transport system are not used. More energetically beneficial.
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC respiration? WHat is the net gain of each relative to ATP?
oxygen isn’t used as terminal electron acceptor; oxygen is used as a terminal electron acceptor (38 max for aerobic, less for anaerobic obviously)
dissimilatory and assimilatory reduction
when nitrate and sulfate are used as respiratory electron acceptors
when nitrate and sulfate are reduced to be in biomolecules
