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Medical Terminology COP 627 > Ch5 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Ch5 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue within bone; has multiple functions including blood cell production in the red bone marrow

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2
Q

compact bone

A

harder, denser bone; noncancellous bone

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3
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

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4
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the central medullary cavity

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

the wider ends of a long bone

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6
Q

epiphysial plate

A

the growth area of a long bone

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7
Q

medullary cavity

A

space within a long bone’s shaft filled with bone marrow

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8
Q

metaphysis

A

section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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9
Q

osteoblast

A

bone-forming cell

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10
Q

osteoclast

A

bone-destroying cell

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11
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

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12
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane surrounding a bone

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13
Q

spongy bone; cancellous bone or trabecular bone

A

mesh-like bone tissue

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14
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of the head, vertebral column, and thorax

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15
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder and pelvic girdles

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16
Q

thorax

A

the chest

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17
Q

acetabulum

A

the socket of the hip bone where the femur articulates

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18
Q

acromion

A

lateral upper section of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle

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19
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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20
Q

carpal bones

A

the eight bones of the wrist

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21
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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22
Q

cranium

A

the skull; composed of eight bones excluding the face bones

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23
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

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24
Q

fibula

A

smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg

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25
Q

hip bone (pelvic bone)

A

large flat bone composed of three fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) on each side

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26
Q

ilium

A

superior broad part of the hip bone

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27
Q

ischium

A

inferior, rearmost part of the hip bone

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28
Q

pubis

A

anterior lower section of the hipbone; pubic bone

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29
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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30
Q

hyoid

A

u-shaped bone that supports the tongue

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31
Q

lamina

A

posterior section of the vertebral arch

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32
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

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33
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone

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34
Q

metacarpal bones

A

the five bones in the hand between the wrist and the fingers

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35
Q

metatarsal bones

A

the five bones of the foot between the ankles and the toes

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36
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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37
Q

phalanges

A

the bones of the finger and toes; there are 14 in each hand and foot

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38
Q

radius

A

outer forearm bone

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39
Q

ribs

A

long curved bones that form the bony walls of the chest

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40
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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41
Q

sternum

A

anterior bone of the thorax; breastbone

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42
Q

tarsal bones

A

the seven bones of the ankle

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43
Q

tibia

A

larger inner bone of the lower leg; shin bone

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44
Q

ulna

A

inner forearm bone

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45
Q

vertebra

A

bone of the vertebral column (spine)

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46
Q

cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

A

the seven bones of the vertebral column in the neck

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47
Q

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

A

the 12 bones of the vertebral column (midspine)

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48
Q

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

A

the five bones of the vertebral column (lower back)

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49
Q

sacrum

A

triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar spine

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50
Q

coccyx

A

three to five fused vertebrae at the end of the spine; tailbone

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51
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower section of the sternum

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52
Q

articulation

A

the site where the bones come together; joint

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53
Q

bursa

A

a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints

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54
Q

cartilage

A

dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints

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55
Q

synovial joint (diathrosis)

A

a joint that move freely and contains synovial fluid in its cavity

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56
Q

intervertebral disc

A

mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

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57
Q

ligament

A

band of strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage at a joint

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58
Q

meniscus

A

cartilage structure in the knee

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59
Q

suture

A

immovable fibrous joint found joining the skull bones

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60
Q

symphysis

A

joint that moves only slightly

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61
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricating fluid in a freely movable joint

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62
Q

tendon

A

band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

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63
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the body’s midline

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64
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the body’s midline

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65
Q

circumduction

A

moving in a circular manner, as when throwing a ball

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66
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot sole inward

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67
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot sole outward

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68
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending the foot upward towards the tibia

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69
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending the foot downward to point the toes

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70
Q

extension

A

motion that increases the joint angle

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71
Q

flexion

A

motion that decreases the joint angle

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72
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm downward or the foot sole outward

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73
Q

supination

A

turning the palm upward or the foot sole upward

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74
Q

rotation

A

moving in circular direction around an axis when turning a doorknob

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75
Q

agonist

A

skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover

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76
Q

antagonist

A

skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist muscle contracts

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77
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle

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78
Q

fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle

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79
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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80
Q

insertion of muscle

A

end of muscle attached to the bone that moves during contration

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81
Q

origin of muscle

A

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

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82
Q

smooth muscle

A

nonstriated, voluntary muscle tissue lining organs and blood vessels

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83
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones (striated = light and dark bands in muscle fibers)

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84
Q

tonicity

A

muscle tone; tonus

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85
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

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86
Q

arthr/o, articul/o

A

joint

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87
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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88
Q

carp/o

A

carpal (wrist) bones

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89
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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90
Q

clavic/o, clavicul/o

A

clavicle

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91
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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92
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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93
Q

crani/o

A

cranium, skull

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94
Q

disc/o

A

disc or disk

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95
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, band

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96
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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97
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

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98
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

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99
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

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100
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

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101
Q

kinesi/o, kinet/o

A

movement

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102
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

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103
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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104
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (plate)

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105
Q

lord/o

A

curved, bent

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106
Q

lumb/o

A

lumbar region, lower back

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107
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jawbone)

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108
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla (upper jawbone)

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109
Q

menisc/o

A

meniscus

110
Q

my/o, mys/o, muscul/o

A

muscle

111
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

112
Q

oste/o

A

bone

113
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

114
Q

pelv/i, pelv/o

A

pelvis, pelvic cavity

115
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (bones of digits)

116
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

117
Q

rachi/o

A

spine

118
Q

radi/o

A

radius

119
Q

rhabd/o

A

straited muscle

120
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

121
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

122
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, twisted

123
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breast bone)

124
Q

synovi/o

A

synovial joint or fluid

125
Q

tars/o

A

tarsal bones

126
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon

127
Q

thorac/o

A

thorax, chest

128
Q

ton/o

A

tone, tension

129
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

130
Q

vertebr/o, spondyl/o

A

vertebra

131
Q

inter-

A

between

132
Q

intra-

A

within

133
Q

supra-

A

above

134
Q

sub-

A

below, beneath

135
Q

sym-, syn-

A

together, with

136
Q

-algia

A

pain

137
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

138
Q

-centesis

A

puncture to aspirate

139
Q

-clasia, -clasis, -clast

A

to break

140
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

141
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

142
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

143
Q

-physis

A

growth

144
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair, reconstruction

145
Q

-porosis

A

pore, passage

146
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

147
Q

-schisis

A

to split

148
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

149
Q

carpal

A

pertaining to the carpal bones

150
Q

costovertebral

A

pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrae

151
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the skull

152
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

153
Q

humeral

A

pertaining to the humerus

154
Q

iliofemoral

A

pertaining to the ilium and femur

155
Q

intercostal

A

pertaining to between the ribs

156
Q

intervertebral

A

pertaining to the area between the vertebrae

157
Q

intracranial

A

pertaining to the area within the skull

158
Q

ischiofermoral

A

pertaining to the ischium and the femur

159
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the lower back

160
Q

lumbocostal

A

pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the ribs

161
Q

lumbosacral

A

pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum

162
Q

osseous

A

pertaining to bone

163
Q

pelvic

A

pertaining to the pelvis or the pelvic cavity

164
Q

sacral

A

pertaining to the sacrum

165
Q

sacrovertebral

A

pertaining to the sacrum and vertebrae above

166
Q

sternoclavicular

A

pertaining to the sternum and the clavicle

167
Q

sternoid

A

resembling the sternum

168
Q

subcostal

A

pertaining to the area below a rib or below the ribs

169
Q

submandibular

A

pertaining to the area below the mandible

170
Q

submaxillary

A

pertaining to the area below the maxilla

171
Q

subscapular

A

pertaining to the area below the scapula

172
Q

substernal

A

pertaining to the area below the sternum

173
Q

suprapatellar

A

pertaining to the area above the patella

174
Q

suprascapular

A

pertaining to the area above the scapula

175
Q

synovial

A

pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid

176
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

arthritis of the spine

177
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint

178
Q

arthralgia

A

pain in a joint

179
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint

180
Q

arhtrochondritis

A

inflammation of an articular joint

181
Q

atrophy

A

wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body

182
Q

bradykinesia

A

condition of decreased movement

183
Q

bunion

A

swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint caused by inflammatory bursa

184
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

185
Q

bursolith

A

a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa

186
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist causing pain

187
Q

carpoptosis; wrist-drop

A

paralysis of wrist and finger muscles

188
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of any cartilage

189
Q

cranioschisis

A

congenital malformation of incomplete closure of the skull

190
Q

curvature of the spine

A

curving of the spine in one or more directions

191
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal frontward curvature; humpback

192
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal backward curvature

193
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

194
Q

dyskinesia

A

difficulty performing voluntary movements

195
Q

dystrophy

A

abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, often resulting from nutritional deficiency

196
Q

exostosis

A

bony projection that develops from cartilage

197
Q

fibromyalgia

A

condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues of unknown cuase

198
Q

fracture (fx)

A

a break in bone or cartilage

199
Q

gout

A

metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of uric acid crystals in connective tissue and articular cartilage

200
Q

herniated disc

A

protrusion of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal

201
Q

hyperkinesia

A

condition of excessive muscular movements

202
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor

203
Q

maxillitis

A

inflammation of the maxilla

204
Q

meniscitis

A

inflammation of the meniscus

205
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles

206
Q

myalgia

A

condition of muscular pain

207
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

neuromuscular disorder causing weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles

208
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of a muscle

209
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

210
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

joint inflammation involving erosion and inflammation of articular cartilage

211
Q

osteochondritis

A

inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage

212
Q

osteomalacia

A

condition of bone softening

213
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone marrow

214
Q

osteonecrosis

A

death of bone tissue

215
Q

osteoporosis

A

age-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening

216
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles

217
Q

rachischisis

A

embryologic failure of vertebral arches to fuse

218
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet

219
Q

rickets

A

disease caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood, involving skeletal deformities and muscular weakness

220
Q

spondyarthritis

A

inflammation of intervertebral articulations

221
Q

sprain

A

injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint

222
Q

strain

A

injury of a muscle caused by overuse

223
Q

tendonitis, tendinitis

A

inflammation in a tendon

224
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of a tendon and its sheath

225
Q

creatine kinase

A

test for the presence of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood, which may indicate conditions that can cause muscle weakness or pain

226
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

time measurement of red blood cells settling in a test tube over one hour; increased rates are associated with anemia or inflammatory conditions

227
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis

228
Q

synovial fluid analysis

A

test for the presence of crystals caused by some conditions, such as arthritis, and the presence of signs of joint infection

229
Q

uric acid test

A

tests for elevated uric acid in the blood, indicating gout

230
Q

arthrography

A

x-ray imaging of a joint using a contrast dye

231
Q

arthroscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint

232
Q

bone densitometry

A

x-ray technique for determining bone density

233
Q

bone scan

A

nuclear medicine imaging of bone used to diagnose bone disorders

234
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

x-ray technique that produces computer-generated cross-sectional images; used to evaluate disorders of and injuries to the musculoskeletal system

235
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

diagnostic test that produces a graphic record of electric currents associated with muscular action

236
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose joint disorders

237
Q

radiography

A

examination of any part of the body by x-rays

238
Q

range of motion (ROM) testing

A

measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint

239
Q

analgesic

A

a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia

240
Q

corticosteroid

A

a drug that reduces inflammation around joints

241
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

a drug with anti-inflammatory action used to treat joint and muscle conditions

242
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

A

a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and spasticity

243
Q

chiropractic

A

health care discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures

244
Q

chiropractor

A

one who specializes in chiropractic healthcare

245
Q

orthopedics

A

medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system

246
Q

orthotics

A

the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices

247
Q

orthotist

A

one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances

248
Q

osteopathy

A

school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition to techniques of conventional medicine

249
Q

osteopath

A

physician who specializes in osteopathy

250
Q

podiatry

A

medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders

251
Q

podiatrist

A

practitioner who specializes in podiatry

252
Q

rheumatology

A

medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions

253
Q

rheumatologist

A

physician who specializes in rheumatology

254
Q

C1-C7

A

cervical vertebrae 1-7

255
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase

256
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

257
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

258
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

259
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

260
Q

Fx

A

fracture

261
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar vertebrae 1-5

262
Q

MD

A

muscular dystrophy

263
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

264
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

265
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

266
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

267
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction, internal fixation

268
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

269
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

270
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

271
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic vertebrae 1-12

Medical Terminology COP 627 (16 decks)

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