Ch5 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
bone marrow
soft tissue within bone; has multiple functions including blood cell production in the red bone marrow
compact bone
harder, denser bone; noncancellous bone
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
endosteum
membrane lining the central medullary cavity
epiphysis
the wider ends of a long bone
epiphysial plate
the growth area of a long bone
medullary cavity
space within a long bone’s shaft filled with bone marrow
metaphysis
section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
osteoblast
bone-forming cell
osteoclast
bone-destroying cell
osteocyte
mature bone cell
periosteum
fibrous membrane surrounding a bone
spongy bone; cancellous bone or trabecular bone
mesh-like bone tissue
axial skeleton
bones of the head, vertebral column, and thorax
appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder and pelvic girdles
thorax
the chest
acetabulum
the socket of the hip bone where the femur articulates
acromion
lateral upper section of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
calcaneus
heel bone
carpal bones
the eight bones of the wrist
clavicle
collar bone
cranium
the skull; composed of eight bones excluding the face bones
femur
thigh bone
fibula
smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg
hip bone (pelvic bone)
large flat bone composed of three fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) on each side
ilium
superior broad part of the hip bone
ischium
inferior, rearmost part of the hip bone
pubis
anterior lower section of the hipbone; pubic bone
humerus
upper arm bone
hyoid
u-shaped bone that supports the tongue
lamina
posterior section of the vertebral arch
mandible
lower jawbone
maxilla
upper jawbone
metacarpal bones
the five bones in the hand between the wrist and the fingers
metatarsal bones
the five bones of the foot between the ankles and the toes
patella
kneecap
phalanges
the bones of the finger and toes; there are 14 in each hand and foot
radius
outer forearm bone
ribs
long curved bones that form the bony walls of the chest
scapula
shoulder blade
sternum
anterior bone of the thorax; breastbone
tarsal bones
the seven bones of the ankle
tibia
larger inner bone of the lower leg; shin bone
ulna
inner forearm bone
vertebra
bone of the vertebral column (spine)
cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
the seven bones of the vertebral column in the neck
thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
the 12 bones of the vertebral column (midspine)
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
the five bones of the vertebral column (lower back)
sacrum
triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar spine
coccyx
three to five fused vertebrae at the end of the spine; tailbone
xiphoid process
lower section of the sternum
articulation
the site where the bones come together; joint
bursa
a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints
cartilage
dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints
synovial joint (diathrosis)
a joint that move freely and contains synovial fluid in its cavity
intervertebral disc
mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae
ligament
band of strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage at a joint
meniscus
cartilage structure in the knee
suture
immovable fibrous joint found joining the skull bones
symphysis
joint that moves only slightly
synovial fluid
lubricating fluid in a freely movable joint
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
abduction
moving away from the body’s midline
adduction
moving toward the body’s midline
circumduction
moving in a circular manner, as when throwing a ball
inversion
turning the foot sole inward
eversion
turning the foot sole outward
dorsiflexion
bending the foot upward towards the tibia
plantar flexion
bending the foot downward to point the toes
extension
motion that increases the joint angle
flexion
motion that decreases the joint angle
pronation
turning the palm downward or the foot sole outward
supination
turning the palm upward or the foot sole upward
rotation
moving in circular direction around an axis when turning a doorknob
agonist
skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover
antagonist
skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist muscle contracts
cardiac muscle
heart muscle
fascia
sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle
fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
insertion of muscle
end of muscle attached to the bone that moves during contration
origin of muscle
end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction
smooth muscle
nonstriated, voluntary muscle tissue lining organs and blood vessels
skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones (striated = light and dark bands in muscle fibers)
tonicity
muscle tone; tonus
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o, articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
carp/o
carpal (wrist) bones
chondr/o
cartilage
clavic/o, clavicul/o
clavicle
cervic/o
neck
cost/o
rib
crani/o
cranium, skull
disc/o
disc or disk
fasci/o
fascia, band
femor/o
femur
fibul/o
fibula
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
kinesi/o, kinet/o
movement
kyph/o
humpback
lei/o
smooth
lamin/o
lamina (plate)
lord/o
curved, bent
lumb/o
lumbar region, lower back
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
menisc/o
meniscus
my/o, mys/o, muscul/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
oste/o
bone
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis, pelvic cavity
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of digits)
pub/o
pubis
rachi/o
spine
radi/o
radius
rhabd/o
straited muscle
sacr/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
scoli/o
crooked, twisted
stern/o
sternum (breast bone)
synovi/o
synovial joint or fluid
tars/o
tarsal bones
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
thorac/o
thorax, chest
ton/o
tone, tension
uln/o
ulna
vertebr/o, spondyl/o
vertebra
inter-
between
intra-
within
supra-
above
sub-
below, beneath
sym-, syn-
together, with
-algia
pain
-asthenia
weakness
-centesis
puncture to aspirate
-clasia, -clasis, -clast
to break
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-itis
inflammation
-osis
abnormal condition
-physis
growth
-plasty
surgical repair, reconstruction
-porosis
pore, passage
-rrhaphy
suture
-schisis
to split
-trophy
development, nourishment
carpal
pertaining to the carpal bones
costovertebral
pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
cranial
pertaining to the skull
femoral
pertaining to the femur
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
iliofemoral
pertaining to the ilium and femur
intercostal
pertaining to between the ribs
intervertebral
pertaining to the area between the vertebrae
intracranial
pertaining to the area within the skull
ischiofermoral
pertaining to the ischium and the femur
lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
lumbocostal
pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the ribs
lumbosacral
pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum
osseous
pertaining to bone
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis or the pelvic cavity
sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
sacrovertebral
pertaining to the sacrum and vertebrae above
sternoclavicular
pertaining to the sternum and the clavicle
sternoid
resembling the sternum
subcostal
pertaining to the area below a rib or below the ribs
submandibular
pertaining to the area below the mandible
submaxillary
pertaining to the area below the maxilla
subscapular
pertaining to the area below the scapula
substernal
pertaining to the area below the sternum
suprapatellar
pertaining to the area above the patella
suprascapular
pertaining to the area above the scapula
synovial
pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid
ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis of the spine
ankylosis
abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint
arthralgia
pain in a joint
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
arhtrochondritis
inflammation of an articular joint
atrophy
wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body
bradykinesia
condition of decreased movement
bunion
swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint caused by inflammatory bursa
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
bursolith
a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist causing pain
carpoptosis; wrist-drop
paralysis of wrist and finger muscles
chondromalacia
softening of any cartilage
cranioschisis
congenital malformation of incomplete closure of the skull
curvature of the spine
curving of the spine in one or more directions
kyphosis
abnormal frontward curvature; humpback
lordosis
abnormal backward curvature
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature
dyskinesia
difficulty performing voluntary movements
dystrophy
abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, often resulting from nutritional deficiency
exostosis
bony projection that develops from cartilage
fibromyalgia
condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues of unknown cuase
fracture (fx)
a break in bone or cartilage
gout
metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of uric acid crystals in connective tissue and articular cartilage
herniated disc
protrusion of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal
hyperkinesia
condition of excessive muscular movements
hypertrophy
increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor
maxillitis
inflammation of the maxilla
meniscitis
inflammation of the meniscus
muscular dystrophy (MD)
hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles
myalgia
condition of muscular pain
myasthenia gravis (MG)
neuromuscular disorder causing weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles
myositis
inflammation of a muscle
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteoarthritis (OA)
joint inflammation involving erosion and inflammation of articular cartilage
osteochondritis
inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage
osteomalacia
condition of bone softening
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
osteoporosis
age-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening
polymyositis
inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles
rachischisis
embryologic failure of vertebral arches to fuse
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet
rickets
disease caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood, involving skeletal deformities and muscular weakness
spondyarthritis
inflammation of intervertebral articulations
sprain
injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint
strain
injury of a muscle caused by overuse
tendonitis, tendinitis
inflammation in a tendon
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
creatine kinase
test for the presence of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood, which may indicate conditions that can cause muscle weakness or pain
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
time measurement of red blood cells settling in a test tube over one hour; increased rates are associated with anemia or inflammatory conditions
rheumatoid factor
blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
synovial fluid analysis
test for the presence of crystals caused by some conditions, such as arthritis, and the presence of signs of joint infection
uric acid test
tests for elevated uric acid in the blood, indicating gout
arthrography
x-ray imaging of a joint using a contrast dye
arthroscopy
endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint
bone densitometry
x-ray technique for determining bone density
bone scan
nuclear medicine imaging of bone used to diagnose bone disorders
computed tomography (CT)
x-ray technique that produces computer-generated cross-sectional images; used to evaluate disorders of and injuries to the musculoskeletal system
electromyogram (EMG)
diagnostic test that produces a graphic record of electric currents associated with muscular action
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose joint disorders
radiography
examination of any part of the body by x-rays
range of motion (ROM) testing
measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint
analgesic
a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia
corticosteroid
a drug that reduces inflammation around joints
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
a drug with anti-inflammatory action used to treat joint and muscle conditions
skeletal muscle relaxant
a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and spasticity
chiropractic
health care discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures
chiropractor
one who specializes in chiropractic healthcare
orthopedics
medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
orthotics
the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices
orthotist
one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances
osteopathy
school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition to techniques of conventional medicine
osteopath
physician who specializes in osteopathy
podiatry
medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders
podiatrist
practitioner who specializes in podiatry
rheumatology
medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in rheumatology
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae 1-7
CK
creatine kinase
CT
computed tomography
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
EMG
electromyogram
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Fx
fracture
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae 1-5
MD
muscular dystrophy
MG
myasthenia gravis
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
ORIF
open reduction, internal fixation
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RF
rheumatoid factor
ROM
range of motion
T1-T12
thoracic vertebrae 1-12
