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Biology: Ch.3 Kingdom Classification > Ch.5 Excretory System > Flashcards

Ch.5 Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are metabolic activities?

A

Chemical reactions that occur inside a living organism

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2
Q

why is excretion so important?

A

excretory products can be dangerous and even toxic hence they must be removed from the body to stay healthy

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3
Q

what are excretory products?

A

products that are produced during chemical reactions within the cells are known as excretory products

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4
Q

What is excretion?

A

excretion is the process of removal of harmful, unwanted and often toxic wastes from the body so that they do not accumulate in the body
( the specialised organs that remove such metabolic wastes are known are excretory organs)

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5
Q

what are the 6 main excretory products?

A
  • nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia)
  • water (excess water)
  • extra salts (usually through sweat)
  • extra vitamins (like VB and VC)
  • bile pigments ( through faeces/urine)
  • carbon dioxide (through lungs)
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6
Q

What does the word renal mean?

A

the word renal is derived from the latin word ‘renes’ meaning kidneys

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7
Q

What does the human excretory system consit of?

A
  • pair of kidneys
  • two ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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8
Q

what is urine?

A

urea and other unwanted waste substances dissolve in water to form a yellowish liquid known as urine

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9
Q

Give 5 points about the kidneys

A
  • reddish brown, bean shaped organs
  • located at the back of the abdomen on either side of backbone
  • located at level of last 2 ribs
  • in humans, they are present in the abdominal cavity
  • main function is to filter out waste materials
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10
Q

why is the right kidney placed slightly lower than the left kidney

A

the right kidney is placed slightly lower than the eft kidney to accommodate the largest organ of the body, the liver

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11
Q

what is the largest organ of the human body?

A

liver

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12
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

Maintenance of the balance between the salt and water content in a body is known as osmoregulation

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13
Q

give 2 points for the ureters

A
  • two narrow tubes which come out of the kidneys
  • responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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14
Q

what is the pelvis?

A

part of the ureter joined to the kidney is expanded and called the pelvis

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15
Q

give 4 points about the urinary bladder

A
  • it is a muscular pouch like structure located in the lower abdomen
  • responsible for storing urine before it passes out of body
  • one of the most elastic organs of the body
  • can accommodate about 600-800 mL of urine
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16
Q

what is the sphincter?

A

the sphincter is a ring of circular muscles

17
Q

what does the sphincter do?

A

it guards the opening of the bladder into the urethra

18
Q

What is the urethra? What does it do?

A
  • the urethra is a tube which acts as a passage from the urinary bladder opening to the outside through which the urine passes at regular intervals
19
Q

What is urination?

A

the process of removal of urine from the body is known as urination

20
Q

What is urination also called?

A

micturition

21
Q

What is the cortex and medulla?

A

cortex - dark outer region of the internal structure of a kidney
medulla - light inner region of kidney

22
Q

what is the renal pelvis?
what is its importance?

A
  • a funnel - shaped structure is present on the concave side of the kidney, this cavity is known as the renal pelvis
  • the ureters originate from this cavity in the kidney
23
Q

give 3 points about nephrons

A
  • each kidney consists of billions of microscopic tubes called nephrons
  • their main function is to filter the metabolic wastes from the body
  • termed functional and structural units of a kidney
24
Q

what is on a nephrons upper and lower ends?

A

upper end - cup shaped structure called bowman’s capsule
lower end - long tubule called renal tubule

25
Q

what is a glomerulus

A

bowman’s capsule consists of a bundle of blood capillaries which is known as the glomerulus

26
Q

what branch of the aorta enters the kidney?

A

renal artery

27
Q

give 3 points on the role of kidneys in urine formation

A
  • nephrons remove the waste substances, such as excess water, minerals, salts, and urea from the blood and convert them into urine
  • they reabsorb certain useful substances like glucose, sodium and potassium ions
  • urine gets collected in the renal pelvis from where it is removed via ureters
28
Q

what are the two common disorders of the excretory system?

A
  • UTI (urinary tract infections)
  • Kidney stones

(kidney failure is also there)

29
Q

what is the main cause of UTI

A

Bacteria E.Coli ( enters urinary tract and can cause an infection which can become a very serious condition)

30
Q

state 3 symptoms of UTI

A
  • urge to frequently urinate
  • nausea or vomiting sensation
  • cloudy or strong-smelling urine
31
Q

most common method of treating UTI

A

antiiotics

32
Q

state 3 preventions of UTI

A
  • keep genital area clean
  • avoid caffeinated drinks
  • drinks lots of water and urinate frequently
33
Q

list 4 points about kidney stones

A
  • usually a result of the accumulation of dissolved minerals
  • mostly made of calcium oxalate and uric acid
  • crystalline and have an irregular shape which leads to immense pain
  • can block the passage of urine and cause major problems
34
Q

what is the main cause of kidney stones

A

lack of water in body ( making urine highly acidic and not having enough water to dilute the urid acid)

35
Q

state 3 symptoms of people suffering with kidney stones

A
  • pus and blood in urine
  • reduced amount of urine
  • nausea and vomiting
  • intense and severe pain in the lower abdomen
36
Q

what is the main treatment of kidney stones?

A

Lithotripsy (shockwave therapy)

(can also be surgically removed)

37
Q

what is kidney failure?

A

a decline in kidney function is known as kidney failure

38
Q

what is dialysis?

A

dialysis is a procedure in which blood is cycled through a machine to remove nitrogenous waste products

the machine used, a dialyser, is more or less like an artificial kidney

Biology: Ch.3 Kingdom Classification (3 decks)

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