Ch.5

Question 1

Affirmative Action

Answer 1

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination

Question 2

Civil Disobedience

Answer 2

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws

Question 3

Civil Rights

Answer 3

Generally, all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law

Question 4

De Facto Segregation

Answer 4

Racial segregation that occurs because of patterns of racial residence and similar social conditions.

Question 5

De Jure Segregation

Answer 5

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

Question 6

Feminism

Answer 6

The movement that supports political, economic, and social equality for women.

Question 7

Gender Discrimination

Answer 7

Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender

Question 8

Grandfather Clause

Answer 8

A device used by southern states to disenfranchise African Americans. It restricted voting to those whose ancestors had voted before 1867

Question 9

Hispanic

Answer 9

Someone who can claim a heritage from a Spanish-speaking country. Hispanics may be of any race.

Question 10

Intermediate, Exacting, or Scrutiny

Answer 10

A judicial standard used to determine whether a law or government action unconstitutionally discriminates against women

Question 11

Latino

Answer 11

An alternative to the term Hispanic that is preferred by many

Question 12

Literacy Test

Answer 12

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote

Question 13

Poll Tax

Answer 13

A special tax that had to be paid as a qualification for voting. The 24th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax in national elections, and in 1966, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in state elections as well

Question 14

Rational Basis Review

Answer 14

A judicial standard for assessing a law or government action that is employed when neither strict nor intermediate scrutiny apply

Question 15

Reverse Discrimination

Answer 15

Discrimination against individuals who are not members of a minority group

Question 16

Separate-But-Equal

Answer 16

The doctrine holding that separate-but-equal facilities do not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Question 17

Sexual Harassment

Answer 17

Unwanted physical or verbal conduct or abuse of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient’s job performance, creates a hostile work environment, or carries with it an implicit or explicit threat of adverse employment consequences

Question 18

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 18

A judicial standard for assessing the constitutionality of a law or government action when the law or action threatens to interfere with a fundamental right or potentially discriminates against members of a suspect classification

Question 19

Suffrage

Answer 19

The right to vote; the franchise

Question 20

Suspect Classification

Answer 20

A classification, such as race, religion, or national origin, that triggers strict scrutiny by the courts when a law or government action potentially discriminates against members of the class

Question 21

Transgender Persons

Answer 21

Persons who experience a mismatch between their gender identity and the gender assigned to them at birth

Question 22

White Primary

Answer 22

A state primary election that restricted voting to whites only. Outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944