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fundamentals of nursing > ch46: urinary elimination > Flashcards

ch46: urinary elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nurse’s role in urinary elimination?

A

assess pt urinary tract functions and provide support for bladder emptying

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2
Q

where is erythropoietin?

A

responsible for RBC production and is produced in the kidneys

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3
Q

urethra length for male and female?

A

male: 18-20cm
female: 4cm

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4
Q

when does voluntary control of voiding occur?

A

18-24 months

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5
Q

what are some factors that affect older adults’ urination?

A
  • decreased bladder capacity
  • increased bladder irritability
  • increased bladder contraction frequency
  • increased risk for urinary incontinence
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6
Q

what is the affect of alcohol and urination?

A

alcohol = DIURETIC

  • decreased ADH released
  • increased urine output
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7
Q

pathological conditions that alter bladder contractions/sense of filling + emptying?

A

diabetes melllitus, multiple sclerosis, stroke

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8
Q

pathological conditions that can interfere with timely access to the toilet?

A

arthritis, parkinson’s, dementia, chronic pain

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9
Q

pathological conditions that lead to loss of urine control?

A

spinal cord/intervertebral disk disease

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10
Q

pathological conditions that lead to obstruction of bladder outlet?

A

prostatic enlargement

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11
Q

increase or decrease in urinary production when pregnant and why?

A

increase because of hormonal changes and pressure of fetus on bladder

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12
Q

what is acute renal failure and what are signs?

A

caused by toxins or acute obstruction of the ureter

  • sudden weight gain
  • generalized edema
  • hypertension
  • signs of left sided heart failure
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13
Q

what is chronic renal failure?

A

may occur as complication of other diseases (diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases)

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14
Q

what is the relationship between vitamin D and chronic renal failure?

A

pt has chronic renal failure = can’t make vitamin D = can’t absorb calcium = demineralization

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15
Q

what are some indications for dialysis?

A
  1. renal failure can’t be controlled by conservative management
  2. worsening of uremic syndrome associated with end stage renal disease
  3. severe electrolyte/fluid abnormalities that can’t be controlled by other measure
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16
Q

what is urethritis?

A

inflamed urethra

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17
Q

what is cystitis?

A

inflamed bladder

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18
Q

what is prostatitis?

A

inflamed prostate

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19
Q

what is pyelonephritis?

A

flank pain + raging fever = inflamed kidney

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20
Q

what is hematuria?

A

blood in urine = kidney/bladder pathology

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21
Q

what is polyuria?

A

increased production of urine

22
Q

what is dysuria?

A

difficult urination often associated with burning and infection

23
Q

what is nocturia?

A

frequent waking from sleep to urinate (unusual urgency)

24
Q

what is oliguria?

A

very infrequent urination

- can be cuased by increased ADH secretion

25
Q

what is anuria?

A

absence of urination

26
Q

t/f: urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging

A

false

27
Q

what are different types of incontinence?

A
  • functional incontinence
  • overflow incontinence
  • reflex incontinence
  • stress incontinence
  • urge incontinence
  • total/continuous incontinence
  • transient incontinence
28
Q

what is functional incontinence and what are signs?

A

bc of something OUTSIDE of urinary tract

- altered mobility and dexterity

29
Q

what is overflow incontinence and what are signs?

A

bc of an overdistended bladder

-poor emptying bc of weak contractions

30
Q

what is reflex incontinence and what are signs?

A

involuntary loss of urine at predictable intervals
- high BP, high HR, diaphoresis
spinal cord damage

31
Q

what is stress incontinence and what are some signs?

A

weakness/injury to the sphincter

- urethral hypermobility, small volume leakage

32
Q

what is urge incontinence and what are signs?

A

strong sense of urgency bc of overactive bladder

- bladder inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction

33
Q

what is total/continuous incontinence?

A

complaint of continuous leakage of urine

34
Q

what is transient incontinence?

A

caused by medical conditions that are treatable and reversible
- most likely associated with UTI

35
Q

what are nephrostomy tubes?

A

urinary diversion where drainage tube is palced into the kidney to drain urine directly from kidney
–> used when ureter is obstructed

36
Q

what are considered intake measurements?

A

oral liquids, semi liquids, enteral feedings, parenteral fluids

37
Q

what are considered output measurements?

A

urine, any fluid leaving the body that can be measured (vomit, gastric drainage, wound drain)

38
Q

what to do when urine output average is less than 30mL/hr?

A

not normal = RED FLAG

39
Q

what does high BUN mean?

A

blood urea nitrogen = high levels mean kidney dysfunction

40
Q

what does high serum creatinine level mean?

A

increased level of creatinine = sign of poor kidney function

41
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate?

A

estimates how much blood passes through these filters each minute

42
Q

what is the specific gravity of urine? what does an increased or decrease of this mean?

A
  1. 005 - 1.030 = normal levels for urine
    - increase: concentrated urine
    - decrease: diluted urine
43
Q

when to use KUB abdominal roentgenogram?

A

x ray; to detect and measure size of urinary calculi

44
Q

when to use ultrasound?

A

to detect masses, measure post void residual, obstruction, abnormalities of bladder wall, calculi

45
Q

when to use CT scan?

A

ID anatomical abnormalities; renal tumors; cysts, calculi, obstruction of the ureters

46
Q

when to use IVP intravenous pyelogram?

A

dye is used to detect + measure urinary calculi, tumors, obstruction, hematuria

47
Q

when to use cystoscopy?

A

camera through urethra to detect bladder tumors

48
Q

when to use arteriography?

A

injection of radio-opaque substance for radiography of arteries

49
Q

what does a catheter’s French (Fr) scale measure?

A

Fr measures internal diameter of the catheter

50
Q

what is the measurement for an adult indwelling catheter and adult balloon?

A

indwelling: 14-16Fr

balloon = 10mL

51
Q

how to care for a catheter?

A
  1. keep drainage system patent
  2. check for kinks/bends
  3. avoid positioning pt over tubing
  4. observe for clots or sediment that could cause obstruction
  5. REGULAR PERINEAL HYGIENE q8hr MIN
52
Q

how often should perineal hygiene be done when pt has catheter in

A

q8hr minimum

fundamentals of nursing (8 decks)

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