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fundamentals of nursing > ch41: oxygenation > Flashcards

ch41: oxygenation Flashcards

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1
Q

what muscles are responsible for inspiration?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals –> increase size of thorax

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2
Q

what is the difference between ventilation, perfusion, diffusion?

A

ventilation: process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion: ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenation blood to tissues + return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion: exchange of respiratory gases in alveoli + capillaries

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3
Q

what is starling’s law?

A

as the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases

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4
Q

what makes the S1 sound?

A

mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves close

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5
Q

what makes the S2 sound?

A

aortic and pulmonic (SL) valve close

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6
Q

what is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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7
Q

what is the path of conduction throughout the heart?

A

sa node –> av node –> bundle of his –> purkinje fiber

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8
Q

what are some factors that affect oxygenation? (and explain each)

A
  1. physiological factors
  2. affected chest wall movements
  3. disturbances in conductions
  4. alterations in cardiac functioning
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9
Q

what are developmental considerations with oxygenation for infants/toddlers?

A
  • at risk for upper respiratory infections
  • should recover from upper respiratory infections easily
  • risk for airway obstruction
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10
Q

what are developmental considerations with oxygenation for school age children + adolescents?

A
  • exposed to respiratory infections + and risk factors
  • vaping
  • unhealthy diets
  • obesity
  • inactive lifestyle
  • caffeinated beverage `
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11
Q

what are lifestyle factors affecting oxygenation?

A
  1. nutrition
  2. hydration
  3. exercise
  4. smoking
  5. substance abuse
  6. stress
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12
Q

what are all the parts of an EKG and what happens in all?

A
  • p wave: atrial depolarization
  • qrs complex: ventricular depolarization
  • t wave: ventricular repolarization
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13
Q

what are signs that a patient may be experiencing profound hypoxia?

A
  • sudden changes in vital signs
  • change in LOC
  • change in behavior
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14
Q

t/f: perform tracheal suctioning before pharyngeal

A

true

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15
Q

what to inspect for when assessing oxygenation?

A
  1. skin and mucous membrane color
  2. LOC, breathing patterns
  3. chest wall movement
  4. general appearance
  5. circulation
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16
Q

what to palpate for when assessing oxygenation?

A
  1. chest
  2. feet
  3. legs
  4. pulses
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17
Q

what to percuss for when assessing oxygenation?

A
  1. presence of abnormal fluid/air

2. diaphragmatic excursion

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18
Q

what to auscultate for when assessing oxygenation?

A
  1. normal/abnormal heart sounds

2. normal/abnormal lung sounds

19
Q

what is the purpose of testing arterial blood gas?

A

assess pt’s respiratory and metabolic acid/base balance and adequacy of oxygenation

20
Q

what are some ventilation studies?

A
  1. pulmonary function
  2. peak expiratory flow rate
  3. oximetry
  4. bronchoscopy
  5. lung scans
21
Q

what does the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) assess?

A

reflects change in large airway sizes (assess resistance in asthmatic patients)

22
Q

what position is best for effective breathing and why?

A

high fowlers = good for respiratory distress to reach maximum lung expansion

23
Q

albuterol vs steroids

A

albuterol (beta agonist): attach to beta-receptors –> helps relax the muscles in your airways, –> easier for you to breathe

steroids: reduce the swelling in the airways

24
Q

what is humidification?

A

process of adding water to gas → IMPORTANT for pts receiving O2 at 4L or more

helps to thin out secretions

25
Q

what is chest physiotherapy?

A

external wall manipulation using percussion, vibration, or high freq. chest wall compression

to MOBILIZE secretions

26
Q

what pressure should suctioning be at and why?

A

should be at 100-150mmHg of pressure or else you can suck out tissue

27
Q

when to use oro/nasopharyngeal suctioning?

A

patient can COUGH EFFECTIVELY but CAN’T CLEAR secretions

28
Q

when to use oro/nasotracheal suctioning?

A

patient CAN’T COUGH EFFECTIVELY, CAN’T CLEAR secretions, and does NOT have artificial airway

29
Q

when to use endotracheal suctioning?

A

short term: to relieve upper airway obstruction and protect against aspiration

30
Q

when to use tracheostomy?

A

long term: surgical incision into trachea

31
Q

purpose of invasive mechanical ventilation? what are some examples?

A

lifesaving technique with artificial airways

  • endotracheal
  • tracheostomy
32
Q

what is the purpose of noninvasive ventilation? what are some examples?

A

to maintain positive airway pressure + improve alveolar ventilation

  • CPAP
  • BiPAP
33
Q

what is the purpose of chest tube?

A

to remove air and fluids from pleural space, to prevent re-entering of air, to re-establish pressures

34
Q

purpose of oxygen therapy?

A

to prevent/relieve hypoxia

35
Q

nasal cannula

A

low flow; 25-40% O2

2-4 L/min

36
Q

simple face mask

A

35-50% O2

6-12 L/min

37
Q

bag valve mask

A

high flow; 100% O2

10-15 L/min

38
Q

non-rebreather mask

A

60-90% O2

10-15 L/min

39
Q

venturi mask

A

high flow; 24-60% O2

4-12 L/min

40
Q

when to use a face tent?

A

relatively low [O2]

- when facial/oral injuries prevent the use of other masks

41
Q

what is the purpose of an AED?

A

automatic external defibrillator

- used to restore normal conduction of the SA node

42
Q

what are two types of breathing exercises?

A
  1. pursed lip breathing

2. diaphragmatic breathing

43
Q

t/f: an order is not needed in order to administer oxygen

A

FALSE

fundamentals of nursing (8 decks)

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