ch41.1+2

Question 1

interspecific interactions

Answer 1

interactions with individuals of other species. competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism.

Question 2

+/-

Answer 2

predation, + for pred pop, - for prey pop

Question 3

+/+ or +/0

Answer 3

mutualism, benefits survival and reproduct of both species

Question 4

0

Answer 4

members of both species not affected by interaction

Question 5

-/-

Answer 5

competition. both species neg impacted by interaction

Question 6

intraspecific competition

Answer 6

competition for resource btw memebers of same species

Question 7

competitive exclusion

Answer 7

if 2 species are left to compete over resources and one has even a slight advantage, the other species will generally go extinct (coined by GF Gause w his bacteria experiments)

Question 8

competition for limited resources and cause ____ change in populations

Answer 8

evolutionary

Question 9

ecological niche

Answer 9

specific set of biotic and abiotic resources and organism uses in its enviro. (ex: temp range toleration, size of habitats, time of day active, diet(
how someting fits into an ecosystem

Question 10

can 2 species coexist if they ahve the same ecological niches

Answer 10

no, one will be extinct over time. they have to have some differences in what they need

Question 11

resource partitioning

Answer 11

difference in niches that allows similar species to coexist

Question 12

fundamental vs realized niche

Answer 12

fundamental- niche POTENTIALLY occupied by a species

realized- portion of fundamental niche ACTUALLY occupied

Question 13

how to identify fundamental niche of species or how competitors can limit species

Answer 13

remove competitors and see how they thrive on their own

Question 14

Character displacement

Answer 14

when an allopatric portion of a species evolves more than a sympatric portion because of competition for resources
(ex galapagos finches darwin)

Question 15

allopatric speciation

Answer 15

geographical separation of 2 pops by a barrier such as a mountain or river

Question 16

sympatric population

Answer 16

species existing within the same geographic area

Question 17

Exploitation and examples of

Answer 17

one species benefits by feeding on another which harms the other species +/-

(parasitism, herbivory, predation)

Question 18

cryptic coloration

Answer 18

camouflage that makes prey difficult to see

Question 19

aposematic coloration

Answer 19

warning colors that signify danger to other predatory species

Question 20

Batesian mimicry

Answer 20

when harmless specicies mimic a harmful one that they are not closeley related to as a defense mechanism.
ex a moth puffing up to look like a snake
can also be used by predators to lure prey

Question 21

Hebivory

Answer 21

explotative interaction where herbivores eat plants, harming them but dont fully kill them. +/-

Question 22

Parasitism

Answer 22

+/- parasite derives nourshment from host which is harmed in the process

Question 23

endoparasites

Answer 23

parasites living within the body like tapeworms

Question 24

ectoparasites

Answer 24

parasites living on surface of host

Question 25

Mutualism

Answer 25

benefits both species +/+, but they can also survive on their own if needed. also comes with a cost that wouldn’t have been incurred without it. benefit must exceed cost
ex: bees and flowers

Question 26

commensalism

Answer 26

benefits one species but has not effect on the other.
flowers that depend on shade from trees above them
+/0

Question 27

species diveristy

Answer 27

variety of dif kinds of organisms making up the community

Question 28

species richness

Answer 28

of dif species in a community

Question 29

relative abundance

Answer 29

proportional abundance of dif species in a community

Question 30

shannon diversity index

Answer 30

H= -(Pa In Pa + Pb in Pb + Pc in Pc + ……)

p is relative abundance
ln is the natural logarith (ln key on calc)
the higher the H the more diversity

Question 31

are higher or lower diversity communities more productive and resilient

Answer 31

higher diverse

Question 32

introduced species

Answer 32

organisms humans have moved to regions outside of their native range. higher diversity areas are more resistant to these bc they use up the resources that the introduced species needs

Question 33

trophic structure

Answer 33

feeding relationships between organisms

Question 34

food chain

Answer 34

transfer of food energy from plants and other autotrophs to herbivors, to carnivors, to decomposers

Question 35

trophic level

Answer 35

an organisms postiion on the food chain

Question 36

what is each trophic level called

Answer 36

(plant/autotroph) Primary producer,

(herbivore) primary consumer,
(carnivore) secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer

Question 37

Food web

Answer 37

a group of food chains linked together

Question 38

Foundation species

Answer 38

species w strong effects on communitites due to high abundance or large size (trees, shrubs, kelp)
usually have community wide effects such as habitat or food
can also be competitively dom, exploiting resources like food or light

Question 39

keystone species

Answer 39

not abundant in a community, but have important ecological roles like maintaining diversity or feeding on species that would otherwise be dominant

Question 40

ecosystem engineers

Answer 40

species that alter their environment. not altering trophic interactions but physical. (beaver w dams)

Question 41

bottom up control

Answer 41

organisms at each trophic level are limited by nutrient suplly or food availability. increasing primary producers will effect the above levels, but altering amount of carnivors will not effect lower levels

Question 42

top down control

Answer 42

controlled by number of consumers at higher levels. predators limit herbivors etc

removing top level would increase level lower than that and decrease the level below that

Question 43

what have ecologists used to improve water quality in lakes with high algea abundance

Answer 43

top down control

remove fish increases zooplankton which decreases aglea