ch 40

Question 1

abiotic factors

Answer 1

nonliving factors that influence distribution and abundance of organisms

Question 2

biotic factors

Answer 2

living factors

Question 3

what determines global climate patterns

Answer 3

input of solar energy and earths movement in space
sun warms atmosphere land,water> causes temp variations, air movement, and evap> causes latitudinal climate variations

Question 4

What causes regional and local effects on climate

Answer 4

tilted axis and yearly passage around the sun causes cycles in day lenth, radiation, and temp

Question 5

why is the equator hotter

Answer 5

sunlight reflect onto in directly

Question 6

how do ocean currents effect climate

Answer 6

cooling or heating overyling air masses that pass across the land as well as creating moisture

Question 7

how does the high specific heat of oceans and large lakes effect climate

Answer 7

when land is warmer than the water, air over land heats and rises, drawing a cool breeze from water

Question 8

how do mountains effect moisture

Answer 8

when moist air is blown from a body of water over a mountain, the side of the mountain that the air is blowing on filters out the moisture, leaving the land on the other side of the mountain more dry

Question 9

rain shadow

Answer 9

when a mountain blocks the precipitation from getting to the other side

Question 10

how do forests effect climate

Answer 10

forests absorb more solar energy because they are darker and it reflect less which contributes to the warming of forested areas. this is offset when the plants evaporate water which reduced earths surface temp and increases precipitation

Question 11

biomes

Answer 11

majore life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by physical enviro in aquatic biomes.

Question 12

climograph

Answer 12

plot of annual mean temps and precipitation in a particular region

Question 13

what factors play a role in what biomes exist where that isnt shown on climatograph

Answer 13

climographs show AVERAGES when PATTERNS are also important. like if a place get extremely heavy rainfall, but not frequently, it could still show the same avg as somewhre that gets steady light rainfall.

Question 14

disturbance

Answer 14

a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability.

Question 15

layers of a terrestrial biome

Answer 15

upper canopy > low tree layer > shrub understory > ground layer of herbacious plants >forest floor > root layer

Question 16

Tropical Forests
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 16

Distribution: equatorial and subequitorial
Climate: high temp 25-29 , little seasonal variation. rainforests have heavy rain 200-400cm, dry forests have a 6-7mo dry season 150-200cm
Organisms: vertically layerd, plants compete for light. highest animal diversity of any biome
Human Impact: rapid pop growth and agriculture are destroying many trapical forests

Question 17

Savannahs
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 17

Distribution: equatorial and subequat
Climate: 30-50cm seasonal rain with dry season lasting up to 9mo. 24-29 high temp but varies seasonally
Organisms: scattered trees are thorny and have small leaves. fire comon so many species are fire adapted and drought tolerant. grass makes up most of ground cover. wildebeasts, zebras, lions, hyenas. dominant herbivors are termites
Human Impact:cattle ranching and overhungting have led to decline in mammal pop

Question 18

desert
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 18

Distribution: bands near 30* north and louth
Climate: less than 30cm low precip. temp varies seasonally from -30 to 50
Organisms: low scattered vegitation. heat tolerance, water storage, reduced leaf surface, phys defenses such as spine and toxins. CAM photosynthes.
scorpions, beetles, birds, rodents. active at night when air cooler.
Human Impact:conversion to irrigated agriculture have reduced biodiversity

Question 19

chaparral
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 19

Distribution: midlattitude costal regions
Climate: precip 30-50, highly seasonal. rain winter dry summer. 10-12c reg temp, summer 30c.
Organisms: shrubs, small trees adapted to fire. some produced seeds only after fire.
deer and goats, instects, small mamalls, birds, amphib
Human Impact: reduced through conversion to agriculture and urbanization

Question 20

termperate grassland
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 20

Distribution: midlatitudes, often in interior of continents
Climate: 30-100cm highly seasonal precip. dry winters wet summers. -10 in winter 30 in summer
Organisms: grasses and forbs, adapted to survive droughts and fire. bison and horses prevent woody shrubs n trees. burrowing mamals common
Human Impact:frequently converted to farmland

Question 21

temperate broadleaf forest
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 21

Distribution: midlatitudes in northern hemisphere, smaller areas in chile, SA, aust, and NZ
Climate: precip 70-200 consistently. winter snow. winter temp 0c, summer humid 35c
Organisms: deciduous trees that drop leave before winter. mamals hibernate in winter, bird species migrate
Human Impact:logging and land clearing

Question 22

norther coniferous forest
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 22

Distribution: largest terrest biome, broad band across NA and eurasia
Climate: precip 30-70. cold winters -50 to 20.
Organisms: pine spruce fir hemlock. plant diversity lower than temperate broadleaf forests. migratory birds nest here. moose, brown bear, siberian tigers.
Human Impact: logged at afast rate

Question 23

tundra
(Distribution:
Climate:
Organisms:
Human Impact:)

Answer 23

Distribution: covers large areas of artic. 20% of earths surface. can be produced on high mountaintops at all lats
Climate: 20-60 precip. over 100 in alpine tundra. cold winter -30 summer 10
Organisms: mostly herbs, mosses, grasses, forbs. lichens, shrub tress. permafrost (perm frozen soil layer) prevents large roots. oxen, migratory carribou and reindeer. wolves foxes snow owls.
Human Impact: mineral and oil extraction

Question 24

zones of the ocean

Answer 24

Pelagic zones: upper photic(light), aphotic(little light) ,
benthic zone: organic and inorganic sediments, occupied by benthos

Question 25

zones of a lake

Answer 25

littoral zone- waters close to shore, limnetic zone - waters farther from shore, no rooted plants

Question 26

thermocline

Answer 26

narrow layer of abrupt temp change in lakes

Question 27

what provides most of plants rain

Answer 27

waters from ocean

Question 28

what produces oxygen in the ocean

Answer 28

marine algea and photosynthetic bacteria

Question 29

wetlands an estuaries
(Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact:)

Answer 29

Phys and chem enviro:
wetlands- Large amounts of precipitation at leas sometimes supporting plants adapted to watery soil.
estuaries- transition between sea and and river. The nutrients from this exchange makes wetlands and estuaries the most productive habitats on earth

geological features:
Wetlands: Hsallow basins, flooded banks of streats and rivers, lake coasts
Estuaries: along seacoasts, sediments from rivers and tidal waters create channels isdlands and mudflats

organisms:
Wetlands get - Plants that can grow in water or anaerobic soil, Herbivors like crustaceans, larvae, muskrats; Carnivors like dragonflies, frogs, alligators, herons
estuaries- oysters, crabs, fish

human impact: Draining and filing have destroyed 90% of wetlands in europe and estuaries worldwide

Question 30

Lakes
(Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact:)

Answer 30

Phys and chem enviro: photic and aphotic zones. temperate have seasonal thermocline, tropical have thermo year round.
oligotrophic lakes- nutrient poor and oxygen rich
eutrophic lakes- oxygen poor and nutrient rich
geological features: oligotrophic lakes may become more eutrophic as runoff ads sediment and nutrients. oligo has less surface area to depth ratio than eutrophic
organisms: rooted and floating plants live in littoral zone, limnetic inhabited by phytoplankton and zookplankton. benthic zone inhabited by invertrbreates who depend partly on oxygen levels. fish in all zones w oxygen
human impact: runoff and dumping wastes cause nutrient enrichment causing algea blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills

Question 31

streams and rivers
Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact

Answer 31

Phys and chem enviro: headwater streams cold, clear, turbulent, swift. downstream warmer more turbid bc of suspended sediment. salt and nutrient content increases from headwater to mouth, oxygen decreases

geological features: hardwater often narrow, rocky, shallow/deep alternating.
rivers are wide, silty bottoms.

organisms: headwater may be rich in phytoplankton or rooted plants. diverse fish and invertebrate.
streams have organic matter from terrestrial vegitation as the primary source of food for consumers

human impact: municipal, agricultural, and industrial pollution. dams impaire natural flow threatening species like salmon.

Question 32

intertidal zones
Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact

Answer 32

Phys and chem enviro: submerged and exposed by tides twice daily. oxygen high and renewed w turn of tides.
geological features: rocky or sandy substrates. configuration of bays/coastlines influce magnitude of tides
organisms:marine algea, lack attached plants or algea if exposed to waves. those protected supposed sea grass and algae. animals taht attach to rocks. worms clams predatory crustaceans bury themselves as tide brings food. sponges sea anemones and small fish.
human impact: oil pollution. rock walls and barriers buitl to reduce erosion disrupt some areas.

Question 33

coral reefs
Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact

Answer 33

Phys and chem enviro: calcium carbonate skeletons of coral. shallow reef building corals live in photic zone and can only work between 20-30c. deep sea reefs fond at 200-1500m. reguire high oxygen and can be kill by fressh water or nutreints
geological features: require solid substrate. begin as fringing reef on young high island, form offshor barrier reef later, then becom coreal atoll as older island submerges
organisms: unicellular algea in tissue of corals. red and green algea contribute photosynthesis. fish and invertebrate diversity is high, rivals that of tropical forests.
human impact: overfishing, global warming, caostal mangroves.

Question 34

oceanic pelagic zone
Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact

Answer 34

Phys and chem enviro: photic zone extends deep bc water is clear. high oxygen. low nutrients. mixing of surface and deep waters in fall and spring renew nutrients
geological features: covers 70% of earth. 4000m avg depth, 10000+max
organisms: bacteria and phytoplankton. zooplankton. free swimming animals(large) and marine mammals.
human impact:: overfishing, climate and pollution

Question 35

marine benthic zone
Phys and chem enviro:
geological features:
organisms:
human impact

Answer 35

Phys and chem enviro: temp declines w depth, pressure increases. 3c in very deep zone. oxygen sufficient to support diverse life.
geological features: soft sediments with some rocky substrate on reefs, submarine mtns, and new oceanic crust.
organisms: photosyntheic organisms like seaweed and algea in shallow benthic. chemoautotrophic prokaryotes in deep enviro near deep sea hydrothermal vents. invertebra and fish, mostly consume organic matter floating down from above. giant tube worms, arthropods, echinoderms
human impact: overfishing. dumping of waste lowered oxygen.

Question 36

how are communities distributed in freshwater and marine environments

Answer 36

depth, degree of light, distance from shore, open water or near bottom