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BIO 112 > ch10 > Flashcards

ch10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are genes

A

coded information in the form of hereditary units endowed from parents

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2
Q

What is the genetic program contained in genes

A

DNA

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3
Q

what are the four things in DNA and what do they do

A

the nucleotides, their sequence is a code that contains inherited traits

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4
Q

gametes

A

gametes

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5
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells like an egg or sperm formed by meiosis. unite during sex and produce a diploid zygote

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6
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell in a multicellular organism except sperm or egg

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do humans contain and what cell are they found

A

46, found in somatic cells

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8
Q

how many genes does one chromosome contain

A

several hundred to af ew thousabd

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9
Q

locus

A

a genes location in the chromosome

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10
Q

how to organsims produce offsprings taht are exact copies on them, what is lacking in this

A

asexual reproduction, lacks the fusion of gametes

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11
Q

mitotic cell division

A

single celled eukaryotes can copy and allocated DNA to 2 daughter cells, type of asexual reproduction

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12
Q

clone

A

the organsim that is produced during asexual reproduction and is genetically identical to parent.

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13
Q

what is the only time genetic differences occur in offspring during asex reprod.

A

when mutations occur

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14
Q

what process makes asexual reproduction possible

A

mitosis, making 2 cells that contain same genes as the parent cells

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15
Q

allele

A

one of 2 or more possible alt forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found on the same location on homologous pairs of chromosomes

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16
Q

life cycle

A

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspri

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17
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosome cells

18
Q

homologous chromosome/homologous pair

A

identical pairs of chormosomes with same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that has the genes for the same characters at the same loci. one inherited from dad, one from mom

19
Q

sex chromosomes and who has what

A

xx women xy men. these are individual and not homologous bc of sex

20
Q

autosomes

A

a chromosome not involved in sex

21
Q

diploid cells

A

any cell with 2 chromosome sets (2n=46) 2n = diploid

22
Q

chromatids

A

copies of the DNA that is duplicated in a cell in which dna synthesis has occured, one materna and one paterna

23
Q

how mayn chromosomes to gametes contain

A

only one set, 23. (n=23) 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

24
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell produced by union of haploid gametes during fertilization. a fertilized egg.

25
Q

fertilization

A

when haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse

26
Q

what process generates all the somatic cells in the body as a human develops into an adult

A

mitosis of the zygote and its descendent cells

27
Q

how are gametes developed

A

germ cells from the gonads(ovaries/testes) go thru meiosis

28
Q

meiosis and what does it result in

A

type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that includes 2 rounds of cell division but only one round of dna replication.
results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cells(gametes)

29
Q

what does meiosis counterbalance

A

bc it reduces the amount of chromosome sets from 2 to 1, it allows this set to double at fertilization with the chromosome from the other parent so they still only have 46 total chromosomes when combined

30
Q

what are the 3 life cycles

A

animals, plants and some algae(alternation of generations), most fungi and some protists

31
Q

what is a common feature of all 3 life cycles

A

meiosis and fertilization

32
Q

what is the life cycle for plants and some species of algae called/ how is it dif

A

alternation of generations/ both multicellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte)

33
Q

how are spores produces and are they diploid or haploid (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

A

meiosis in the sporophyte stage in the life cycle of pants and some algae. haploid cells

34
Q

what happens to start the gametophyte stage (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

A

haploid spores divide mitotically instead of fusing with another cell like gametes do, this generates the multicellular haploid stage called the gametophyte

35
Q

what do cells in the gametophyte stage give rise to and how (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

A

gametes, thru mitosis

36
Q

what happens to gametes at fertilization (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

A

fusion of 2 haploid gametes at fertilization produce a diploid zygote, which becomes the next generations sporophyte

37
Q

why does the name alternation of generations fit well

A

the cycle goes from sporophyte, then next gen is gametophyte, then next gen back to sporophyte, etc

38
Q

stages of the fungi and some protists and algae life cycle

A
  1. gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
  2. meiosis ocurs without multicellular diploid offspring developing
    3.meiosis produces haploid cells
  3. these haploid cells divide my mitosis
    5.give rise to unicellular descendants or haploid multicelular adult organism
  4. haploid organism does more mitosis creating cells taht become gametes

(only diploid stage is the single celled zygote)

39
Q

can haploid or diploid cells go thru mitosis. why or why not

A

only diploid cells can bc haploid cells only have one set of chromosomes and cannot be further reduced.

40
Q

what do all 3 life cycles have in commom

A

genetic variation of offspring

BIO 112 (4 decks)

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