ch10

Question 1

what are genes

Answer 1

coded information in the form of hereditary units endowed from parents

Question 2

What is the genetic program contained in genes

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

what are the four things in DNA and what do they do

Answer 3

the nucleotides, their sequence is a code that contains inherited traits

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

gametes

Question 5

gametes

Answer 5

haploid reproductive cells like an egg or sperm formed by meiosis. unite during sex and produce a diploid zygote

Question 6

somatic cells

Answer 6

any cell in a multicellular organism except sperm or egg

Question 7

how many chromosomes do humans contain and what cell are they found

Answer 7

46, found in somatic cells

Question 8

how many genes does one chromosome contain

Answer 8

several hundred to af ew thousabd

Question 9

locus

Answer 9

a genes location in the chromosome

Question 10

how to organsims produce offsprings taht are exact copies on them, what is lacking in this

Answer 10

asexual reproduction, lacks the fusion of gametes

Question 11

mitotic cell division

Answer 11

single celled eukaryotes can copy and allocated DNA to 2 daughter cells, type of asexual reproduction

Question 12

clone

Answer 12

the organsim that is produced during asexual reproduction and is genetically identical to parent.

Question 13

what is the only time genetic differences occur in offspring during asex reprod.

Answer 13

when mutations occur

Question 14

what process makes asexual reproduction possible

Answer 14

mitosis, making 2 cells that contain same genes as the parent cells

Question 15

allele

Answer 15

one of 2 or more possible alt forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found on the same location on homologous pairs of chromosomes

Question 16

life cycle

Answer 16

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspri

Question 17

karyotype

Answer 17

ordered display of chromosome cells

Question 18

homologous chromosome/homologous pair

Answer 18

identical pairs of chormosomes with same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that has the genes for the same characters at the same loci. one inherited from dad, one from mom

Question 19

sex chromosomes and who has what

Answer 19

xx women xy men. these are individual and not homologous bc of sex

Question 20

autosomes

Answer 20

a chromosome not involved in sex

Question 21

diploid cells

Answer 21

any cell with 2 chromosome sets (2n=46) 2n = diploid

Question 22

chromatids

Answer 22

copies of the DNA that is duplicated in a cell in which dna synthesis has occured, one materna and one paterna

Question 23

how mayn chromosomes to gametes contain

Answer 23

only one set, 23. (n=23) 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

Question 24

zygote

Answer 24

diploid cell produced by union of haploid gametes during fertilization. a fertilized egg.

Question 25

fertilization

Answer 25

when haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse

Question 26

what process generates all the somatic cells in the body as a human develops into an adult

Answer 26

mitosis of the zygote and its descendent cells

Question 27

how are gametes developed

Answer 27

germ cells from the gonads(ovaries/testes) go thru meiosis

Question 28

meiosis and what does it result in

Answer 28

type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that includes 2 rounds of cell division but only one round of dna replication. results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cells(gametes)

Question 29

what does meiosis counterbalance

Answer 29

bc it reduces the amount of chromosome sets from 2 to 1, it allows this set to double at fertilization with the chromosome from the other parent so they still only have 46 total chromosomes when combined

Question 30

what are the 3 life cycles

Answer 30

animals, plants and some algae(alternation of generations), most fungi and some protists

Question 31

what is a common feature of all 3 life cycles

Answer 31

meiosis and fertilization

Question 32

what is the life cycle for plants and some species of algae called/ how is it dif

Answer 32

alternation of generations/ both multicellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte)

Question 33

how are spores produces and are they diploid or haploid (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

Answer 33

meiosis in the sporophyte stage in the life cycle of pants and some algae. haploid cells

Question 34

what happens to start the gametophyte stage (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

Answer 34

haploid spores divide mitotically instead of fusing with another cell like gametes do, this generates the multicellular haploid stage called the gametophyte

Question 35

what do cells in the gametophyte stage give rise to and how (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

Answer 35

gametes, thru mitosis

Question 36

what happens to gametes at fertilization (in the plant/algae life cycle (alternation of generations))

Answer 36

fusion of 2 haploid gametes at fertilization produce a diploid zygote, which becomes the next generations sporophyte

Question 37

why does the name alternation of generations fit well

Answer 37

the cycle goes from sporophyte, then next gen is gametophyte, then next gen back to sporophyte, etc

Question 38

stages of the fungi and some protists and algae life cycle

Answer 38

1. gametes fuse to form diploid zygote 2. meiosis ocurs without multicellular diploid offspring developing 3.meiosis produces haploid cells 4. these haploid cells divide my mitosis 5.give rise to unicellular descendants or haploid multicelular adult organism 6. haploid organism does more mitosis creating cells taht become gametes (only diploid stage is the single celled zygote)

Question 39

can haploid or diploid cells go thru mitosis. why or why not

Answer 39

only diploid cells can bc haploid cells only have one set of chromosomes and cannot be further reduced.

Question 40

what do all 3 life cycles have in commom

Answer 40

genetic variation of offspring