Ch.41,42 Flashcards
- What is the physiologic status of prepuberty? a. Menarche b. Menopause c. Premenarche d. Postmenarche
ANS: C Premenarche is the physiologic status of prepuberty, which is the time before the onset of puberty
- Which one of the following arteries sheds blood during menses? a. Radial b. Spiral c. Arcuate d. Vaginal
ANS: B Blood from the spiral arteries is shed during menses.
- Which one of the following muscle groups may be in the false pelvis along the lateral sidewall of the pelvis? a. Obturator internus b. Iliopsoas c. Rectus sheath d. Psoas major
ANS: B The iliopsoas muscles descend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the pelvic sidewalls.
- Which one of the following ligaments contains the uterine blood vessels and nerves? a. Broad b. Round c. Uterosacral d. Endometrial
ANS: A The broad ligaments provide a small amount of support for the uterus and contain the uterine blood vessels and nerves.
- Which one of the following ligaments occupies the space between the layers of another ligament and occurs in front and below the fallopian tubes? a. Broad b. Uterosacral c. Round d. Tubal
ANS: C The round ligaments are fibrous cords that occur in front of and below the fallopian tubes between the layers of the broad ligaments.
- Bending forward of the fundus and body of the uterus toward the cervix is called which one of the following positions? a. Retroflexion b. Anteversion c. Anteflexion d. Retroversion
ANS: B Anteversion is the most common uterine position. The fundus and body are bent forward toward the cervix.
- The normal size of the menarchal uterus should measure centimeters ___ (cm) long and ____ cm wide. a. 3;5 b. 2; 3 c. 8:4 d. 6; 2
ANS: C The menarchal uterus measures 8 to 10 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide.
- The superficial layer of glands and stroma of the endometrium is called which one of the following? a. Zona basalis b. Zona functionalis c. Zona stromata d. Zona endometria
ANS: B The endometrium consists of two layers: the superficial functional layer (zona functionalis) and the deep basal layer (zona basalis)
- Which one of the following structures lies above the utero-ovarian ligament, round ligament, and tubo-ovarian vessels? a. Ovary b. Fallopian tube c. Broad ligament d. Uterine artery
ANS: B The fallopian tube lies above the utero-ovarian ligament, round ligament, and tubo-ovarian vessels.
- The ovary produces two hormones. Estrogen is secreted by _____ whereas progesterone is secreted by the _____
a. Follicles; corpus luteum b. Secretory; proliferative c. Follicles; corpuscle d. Corpus luteum; nabothian
ANS: A The ovary produces two hormones. Estrogen is secreted by follicles, whereas the progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.
- The release of an egg from the ruptured follicle is termed which one of the following? a. Menstruation b. Corpus luteum c. Ovulation d. Follicular-stimulating hormone
ANS: C Ovulation is the release of an ovum once a month by one of two ovaries
- The vagina has two sources of blood supply; they are the: a. Ovarian artery and uterine artery b. Uterine artery and vaginal artery c. Internal iliac artery and vaginal artery d. Aorta and external iliac artery
ANS: B Arterial supply of the vagina is received from the vaginal and uterine arteries.
- The ovary receives its primary blood supply from which of the following arteries?
a. Uterine b. Internal iliac c. Ovarian d. External iliac
ANS: C The primary blood supply to the ovaries is from the ovarian arteries. The ovarian arteries anastomose with the uterine artery, providing additional blood flow to the ovary.
- Which one of the following portions of the fallopian tube is the most coiled? a. Infundibulum b. Ampulla c. Isthmus d. Interstitial
ANS: B The ampulla is the longest and most coiled portion of the fallopian tube and is the area in which fertilization most often occurs.
- In postmenopausal patients who are not on hormone replacement therapy, an endometrial thickness less than _____ millimeters (mm) is considered benign a. 2 b. 3 c.5 d. 10
ANS: C The postmenopausal patient who is not taking hormone replacement therapy should have an endometrial thickness less than 5 mm.
- Which one of the following statements is false?
a. The ovaries are almond shaped.
b. The ovaries are suspended from the anterior aspect of the broad ligaments
c. The ovaries lie in the fossa
d. The ovaries receive blood from the ovarian uterine arteries
ANS: B the ovary is attached at the posterior aspect of the broad ligaments
- The left ovarian vein drains into which one of the following veins? a. Inferior vena cava b. Uterine c. Left renal d. External iliac
ANS: C The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein. The right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
- The ovaries are laterally supported by the which one of the following ligaments? a. Ovarian b. Broad c. Round d. Suspensory
ANS: D The ovaries are laterally supported by the suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligaments and medially supported by the ovarian ligaments.
- A mature follicle i s known as a ____ follicle. a. Müllerian b. Graafian c. Corpus luteal d. Stimulated
ANS: B a mature follicle is known as a Graafian follicle
- A mature follicle typically measures ___ cm right before ovulation. a. 1 b. 1.5 c. 2 d. 3
ANS: C A mature follicle typically measures 2 cm right before ovulation.
- The endometrium demonstrates the “three-line” sign in which one of the following phases? a. Menstrual b. Proliferative c. Secretory d. Luteal
ANS: B In the proliferative phase the endometrium thickens and appears hypoechoic with a “three-line” (triple-line) sign
- The retrouterine space is also known as which one of the following? a. Anterior cul-de-sac b. Space of Retzius c. Posterior cul-de-sac d. Pouch of Dodd
ANS: C The retrouterine space is also known as the posterior cul-de-sac or pouch of Douglas.
- The pelvic recess between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis is which one of the following? a. Vesicouterine pouch b. Anterior cul-de-sac c. Retrouterine pouch d. Space of Retzius
ANS: D The retropubic space (space of Retzius) is located between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis.
- Abnormally heavy or long menses is termed: a. Dysmenorrheal b. Menorrhagia c. Oligomenorrhea d. Amenorrhca
ANS: B Menorrhagia is used to describe abnormally heavy or long periods and is often associated with uterine fibroids, intrauterine disease, or hormonal imbalances.
- Which one of the following ligaments provides support to the cervix? a. Round b. Cardinal c. Suspensory d. Ovarian
ANS: B The cervix is the only portion of the uterus that is firmly supported. It is fixed in position by the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments
- Depending on the menstrual cycle, the inner lining of the uterine cavity that appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound is which one of the following structures? a. Myometrium b. Perineum c. Endouterine d. Endometrium
ANS: D The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterine cavity that appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound, depending on the menstrual cycle.
- Menarche may be defined as which one of the following? a. The state after reaching puberty during which menses occur every 21 to 28 days b. When menses have ceased permanently c. Time before the onset of menses d. Midcycle
ANS: A Menarche is the state after reaching puberty in which menses occur every 21 to 28 days.
- The Doppler measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak is which one of the following? a. Pulsatility index b. Mean Doppler gradient c . Pourcelot resistive index d. Mean systolic measurement
ANS: C the pourcelot resistive index takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divides by the highest systolic peak
- Which of the following are small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus? a. Uterine arteries b. Arcuate vessels c. liac arteries d. Peripheral vessels
ANS: B The arcuate vessels are found along the periphery of the uterus.
- Which one of the following refers to a horizontal plane through the longitudinal axis of the body to image structures from anterior to posterior? a. Transverse b. Axial c. Sagittal d. Coronal
ANS: D The coronal plane is a horizontal plane through the longitudinal axis of the body, which is the plane used to image structures from anterior to posterior.
- The Doppler measurement that uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean over one cardiac cycle is the _____ index a. Pulsatility b. Resistive c. Mean systolic d. Mean diastolic
ANS: A the pulsatility index uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean over one cardiac cycle
- The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement in which one of the following phases? a. Menses b. Proliferative c. Ovulatory d. Luteal
ANS: D The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement during the secretory (luteal) phase.
- The difference between the peak systole and the peak diastole is the ____ ratio. a. LS ratio b. S/D ratio c. D/S ratio d. CI ratio
ANS: B The S/D ratio is the difference between the peak systole and the peak diastole.
- Which one of the following techniques uses a catheter inserted into the endometrial cavity with the insertion of saline or contrast media to fill the endometrial cavity to demonstrate abnormalities within the cavity or uterine tube? a. Transvaginal b. Perineal c. Sonohysterography d. Transendometrography
ANS: C sonohysterogeaphy is a technique that uses a catheter inserted into the endometrial cavity with the insertion of saline or contrast media to fill the endometrial cavity to demonstrate abnormalities within the cavity or uterine tube
- To image the fundus of the uterus with transvaginal sonography, the transducer should be angled so that the handle is positioned as described in which one of the following? a. Closer to the bed b. Farther from the bed c. Lateral to the patient d. Perpendicular to the patient
ANS: A Advancing the transducer slightly and angling it anteriorly (handle closer to the bed) is often necessary to visualize the uterine fundus in transvaginal sonography.
- With endovaginal sonography, the cervix of an anteverted uterus is seen in the ____ of the screen, whereas the fundus of the anteverted uterus is found in the _____ of the screen. a. Upper portion; lower portion b. Right side; lower portion c. Left side; right side d. Right side; left side
ANS: D With endovaginal sonography, the cervix of an anteverted uterus seen in the right side of the screen, whereas the fundus of the anteverted uterus is found in the left side of the screen
planes? 12. The thickness of the endometrium should be measured in which one of the following a. Transverse b. Longitudinal c. Coronal d. Oblique
ANS: B The thickness of the endometrium should be measured in the longitudinal plane.
- The transvaginal transducer should be soaked in disinfectant between uses for a minimum of _____ a. 3 to 5 minutes b. 10 to 20 minutes c. 30 to 60 minutes d. 1 to 2 hours
ANS: B The transvaginal transducer should be soaked in disinfectant between uses for a minimum of 10 to 20 minutes. The amount of time may differ for products from different manufacturers. Extended soaking may damage or degrade the transducer.
- Symmetrical bilateral pelvic masses are likely to be which one of the following? a. Ovarian cysts b. Uterine fibroids c. Pelvic muscles d. Iliac vessels
ANS: C Symmetric bilateral pelvic masses are likely to be pelvic muscles
- The middle layer of the uterus is which one of the following a. Serosa b. Endometrium c. Body d. Myometrium
ANS: D The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterus.
- The thin outer layer of the uterus is separated from the immediate layer by which one of the following? a. Peripheral arteries b. Uterine arteries c. Arcuate vessels d. Radial arteries
ANS: C The arcuate vessels separate the thin outer layer from the immediate layer in the uterus.
- Flexion refers to the axis of the uterine body relative to the _____ a. Fundus b. Cervix c. Vagina d. Cornua
ANS: B Flexion refers to the axis of the uterine body relative to the cervix.
- In transvaginal scanning, the scanning plane that is 90 degrees from the sagittal plane is the _____ plane a. Transverse b. Parasagittal c. Axial d. Coronal
ANS: D The coronal plane is 90 degrees from the sagittal plane in transvaginal scanning
- Nabothian cysts are found near which one of the following anatomic structures? a. Isthmus b. Vagina c. Endocervical canal d. Peritoneum
ANS: C Cervical inclusion cysts known as nabothian cysts are visualized near the endocervical canal.
- Arcuate artery calcifications are observed in patients who are ____ a. Pregnant b. Perimenopausal c. Postmenopausal d. Premenopausal
ANS: C Calcified arcuate arteries are a normal aging process that may be accelerated in the patient with diabetes.
- Which one of the following techniques is the best way to measure the ce rvical-fundal dimension of the uterus? a. Transvaginal b. Translabial c. Transabdominal d. Endorectal
ANS: C The transabdominal image is the best way to measure the length of the uterus.
- Sonohysterography is usually performed on premenopausal women between days ____ and ____ of the menstrual cycle. a. 3 and 5 b. 6 and 10 c. 10 and 14 d. 21 and 28
ANS: B Sonohysterography is usually performed on premenopausal women between days 6 and 10 of the menstrual cycle.
- Limitations of translabial scanning may be overcome by which one of the following? a. Emptying the patient’s bladder b. Elevating the patient’s head c. Elevating the patient’s hips d. Assuming the left lateral decubitus position
ANS: C Elevating the patient’s hips may overcome some limitations in translabial scanning.
- After the transducer has been soaked in a Cidex-type solution, which one of the following is an important step to ensure safe handling? a. Check the cord for damage b. Check the transducer face for damage. c. Immediately place it into a protective container. d. Thoroughly rinse the transducer with water
ANS: B When handling glutaraldehyde, the sonographer manufacturers recommend the use of safety goggles. is required to wear gloves. Some
- On transabdominal imaging of the female pelvis, the distended urinary bladder: a. Is an acoustic window to view the pelvic anatomy. b. Serves as a “cystic” reference. c. Displaces the bowel into the false pelvis. d. Is all of the above.
ANS: D The urinary bladder is used as an acoustic window and landmark for visualizing pelvic anatomy, serves as a “cystic” reference, and displaces the bowel into the false pelvis.
