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SWE Study Guide > Ch4-Viticulture > Flashcards

Ch4-Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

What is viticulture?

A

Branch of agriculture that deals with cultivation of grapevines

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2
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a grape vine?

A

trunk, root system, 2 arms/branches

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3
Q

What is the development of the arms of a vine?

A

start as spurs, become canes. If not pruned, become thicker arms called cordons.

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4
Q

What is a cordon?

A

Thick arms / canes on a vine; new canes grow from it.

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5
Q

What is a canopy?

A

The entire portion of the vine including the fruit.

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6
Q

What is the function of grape skin / pulp?

A

To protect the seeds from damage until they mature.

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7
Q

What are the 2 methods of grape vine propogation?

A

Cloning - cut off cane, place in water to grow roots then plant. Field grafting - insert a cutting from a plant into a trunk.

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8
Q

What is the benefit of field grafting?

A

Keep the rootstock that is fully established and use desireable cuttings from somewhere else.

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9
Q

When can grapes be used for wine, after how many seasons?

A

third year (crop) although 6 is more desirable

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10
Q

What is the lifespan of a vine?

A

Vine vigor declines after 20 years; the quality of grapes continues to improve.

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11
Q

What is an old vine wine?

A

Not a regulated term; many are 50 years or older

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12
Q

What are the critical phases in annual growth cycle (6)?

A

Bud Break, Flowering, Berry Set, Veraison, Harvest, Dormancy

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13
Q

What is bud break?

A

When the tiny shoots, buds, emerge from nodes in the vine branches. Occurs with temperatures above 50 F or 10C.

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14
Q

Why is bud break a ‘hazardous time’?

A

Buds are vulnerable to temperature extremes. Frost can cause serious damage.

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15
Q

When does flowering occur?

A

40 - 80 days after bud break.

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16
Q

What is flowering?

A

Clusters of flower appear along the shoots. Each flower becomes a grape.

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17
Q

How do vinifera vines pollenate?

A

Self pollenating; breeze carries pollen from one plant to another.

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18
Q

What is the ideal weather during flowering?

A

Warm and dry. Rain and wind can prevent pollen from reaching the flowers.

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19
Q

What is fruit set?

A

Transition from flower to berries.

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20
Q

What is coulure?

A

Poor fruit set. Flowers do not become berries.

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21
Q

What is millerandage?

A

Abnormal fruit set. Bunches have some small berries mixed in with normal berries.

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22
Q

What is veraison?

A

Grapes begin to soften, expand and change color.

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23
Q

What is going on with grapes once veraison occurs?

A

Sugar stored in fruit, acid level falling, seeds develop.

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24
Q

When does harvesting take place?

A

1.5 - 2 months after veraison

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25
Q

What is physiological maturity?

A

Level of phenolic compounds in the grap

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26
Q

What 2 things need to happen for harvest to occur?

A

grapes need to be ripe - sugar level and physiological maturity

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27
Q

What is the time from bud break to harvest?

A

140 - 160 days; can be as short as 110 or as long as 200

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28
Q

What happens to the vine during dormancy?

A

leaves drop, sap goes from branches and shoots into the trunk and roots

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29
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide into water & sugar. Green parts of plant do this (chloraphill)

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30
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

A

sunshine and the right temperature

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31
Q

Wgat temperature is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

A

50 - 95 F; ideal is 70 - 85%

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32
Q

What are the 5 ideal conditions for photosynthesis?

A

warm days, long days, clear days, minimal shading, sothern aspect

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33
Q

What is respiration?

A

plant breaks down sugar and carbohydrates to release energy for leaf and root growth.

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34
Q

How does acid level in grapes lower & when?

A

When respiration starts metabolizing malic acid for energy instead of sugar. This happens during veraison.

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35
Q

When does respiration occur?

A

Throughout the growing season

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36
Q

What is the effect of temperature on respiration?

A

For every 18 degree F increase, respiriation doubles.

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37
Q

What are the best conditions for grapes rich in sugar and have good natural acidity?

A

Cloudless days, cool nights, vineyard slopes down toward sun. Large diurnal shift.

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38
Q

What is transpiration?

A

water evaporating through openings on the underside of the leaves (stomata)

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39
Q

What is the negative effect of transpiration stopping?

A

Stomata will close which will also stop the intake of CO2 and stop photosynthesis

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40
Q

What is translocation?

A

Materials moved from one area of the plant to another i.e. sugar moving into the grapes.

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41
Q

What is terroir?

A

Combined natural aspects of a vineyard including climate, soil, sunlight, water

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42
Q

What is climate?

A

Historical average weather of a place

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43
Q

What is weather?

A

The actual meterological conditions experienced.

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44
Q

What is the biggest factor in vintage variation?

A

weather

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45
Q

What is a microclimate?

A

typical weather of a small area - single vine or portion of a row

46
Q

What is a mesoclimate?

A

typical weather of a vineyard

47
Q

What is a macroclimate?

A

typical weather of an overall region

48
Q

How is temperature in vineyard important?

A

has a great effect on sugar-acid balance in grapes

49
Q

How much water does a vine need annually?

A

20 - 30 inches

50
Q

Why is rain unwanted during harvest?

A

swells the berries and dilutes the sugar

51
Q

When is hail the biggest risk?

A

If it occurs after veraison

52
Q

Why is humidity bad?

A

Promotes fungus and mold

53
Q

What is the effect of fog in a vineyard?

A

Reduces temperature and sunlight in vineyard. Raises humidity.

54
Q

What are the negative effects of wind?

A

Interferes with pollination, puts strain on vines

55
Q

What are the positive effects of wind?

A

Reduces humidity and pests

56
Q

Commonalities between soils where fines are planted (2)

A

Not very fertile; regulate the supply of water.

57
Q

Why is less fertile soil good for grapes.

A

Vine produces less vegetation and fewer grapes resulting in higher quality

58
Q

What are the properties of clay

A

fine particles fit tightly together; difficult for water to pass through

59
Q

What are the properties of silt

A

particles of intermediate size

60
Q

What are the properties of sand

A

coarse particles with littler water retention capabilities

61
Q

What are the properties of rocks & stone

A

large pieces of inorganix matter, roots must pass around to get water / nutrients.

62
Q

What is latitude’s effect on climate?

A

Lower latitude - closer to equator - hotter climate. Higher latitude - longer summer days, cool nights, shorter growing season.

63
Q

What is the effect of higher elevation on climate?

A

Cooler, windier, less fog, longer diurnal temperature swing, higher up, sunlight is more intense.

64
Q

What is topography?

A

The way a vineyard is contoured

65
Q

What are the effects of topography on hillside vineyards?

A

Less frost, hard to work if steep

66
Q

What is the effect of aspect on vines?

A

Northern hemisphere: South facing vines get the most sun; can be good in cooler regions

67
Q

What is the effect of bodies of water on vineyards?

A

Less temperature variation; diurnal temperature range is less, summer and winters are mild

68
Q

What is a maritime climate?

A

Influenced by ocean; high rainfall; mild temperatures

69
Q

What is a continental climate??

A

Hot summers, cold winters, no oceanic effects

70
Q

What is a mediterranean climate?

A

Warm, dry summer, mild wet winter, low humidity caused by planetary scale air mass circulations.

71
Q

What is a marginal climate?

A

Cool area or short summer that grapes are barely able to achieve ripeness before winter.

72
Q

What is a viral disease?

A

One that is spread by propagating infected vine cuttings.

73
Q

What is a bacterial disease?

A

Disease spread by insects / animals that carry the microbes.

74
Q

What is a fungal disease?

A

Disease spread by airborne spores. Problem mostly in warm / humid conditions.

75
Q

What is Pierce’s disease?

A

Bacterialogical contamination of host vine resulting in premature leaf fall.

76
Q

How is Pierce’s disease spread?

A

Glassy winged sharp shooter. They feed on an infected vine and then a healthy one which becomes infected.

77
Q

How does a farmer deal with fungal disease?

A

Sulfur or commercial fungicide sprayed on vines.

78
Q

Name 2 damaging fungal diseases for grapes.

A

Powerdy mildew (oidium) and downey mildew (peronospora)

79
Q

What are 4 other names for botrytis cinerea?

A

Noble rot, pourriture noble, edelfaule, gray mold

80
Q

What varieties benefit from botrytis cinerea?

A

semillon, riesling, chenin blanc

81
Q

What is the best climate for botrytis?

A

morning fog, afternoon sun

82
Q

How does botrytis effect the grapes?

A

sends filaments through the skin, extracts wayer, concentrates sugars, adds aroma of honeysuckle

83
Q

What is pholloxera?

A

A tiny louse that eats on the roots of grapes

84
Q

How do you treat phylloxera infested vines?

A

You can’t; they need to be destroyed.

85
Q

How do you prevent phylloxera?

A

Graft vines on to resistant root stock (American vines)

86
Q

What is a nematode?

A

Microscopic roundworm that feeds on vine roots

87
Q

Name 2 options to avoid nematodes.

A

Nematode resistant rootstock or using cover crops like mustard.

88
Q

What does a grape grower do in a vineyard during winter?

A

Pruning the vines - remove excess foliage & branches

89
Q

What is cane pruning?

A

Grower allos 1 or 2 year old shoots (canes) to remain; each cane has 6 - 10 nodes or buds

90
Q

What is spur pruning?

A

Several canes are left but trimmed to be a few inches long; each cane has 1 - 2 nodes / buds.

91
Q

What is a training system?

A

Technique that alters the position or number of shoots and grape clusters.

92
Q

What is a trellis?

A

A network of stakes, posts, support wires that position a vine as desired by a grower

93
Q

What is head or bush training?

A

No trellis used; vine grows like a bush; it is a type of spur pruining

94
Q

What is guyot training?

A

Cane prunded system. One cane from each vine is trained along a wire

95
Q

What is cordon training?

A

Same as guyot but spur pruned. Branches become woody like the vine trunk

96
Q

What is a pergola?

A

Overhead vines with fruit hanging down

97
Q

What is vertical shoot positioning (VSP)?

A

New canes trained upwards braced by additional wires.

98
Q

How is sugar measured?

A

Brix

99
Q

What tool is used to measure sugar levels?

A

refractometer or hydrometer

100
Q

What is the conversion factor for sugar to alcohol?

A

5/9 or 55%

101
Q

Name 3 non-US measuring scales to anticipate final alcohol levels.

A

Baume, France; Oechsle, Germany and Switzerland; Klosten=rneuburger Mostwaage (KMW), Austria

102
Q

What is the calculation for Oechsle?

A

(density of grape must - 1.0)*1000. 68 = 9%potential alcohol

103
Q

What is organic viticulture?

A

grape growning without using manufactured fertilizers or pesticides

104
Q

How does a grower get recognized as an organic grower?

A

Obtain cerificiation from a certifying body

105
Q

Who defines the criteria to be an organic grower in the US?

A

USDAs National Organic Program (NOP)

106
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

targeted approach to dealing with pests in a vineyard. Only eliminate pests that are present and causing damage.

107
Q

What is biodynamic viticulture?

A

Organic viticulture with addition on metaphysical elements and a few mandatory procedures.

108
Q

Who developed the philosophy of biodynamics?

A

Rudolf Steiner in early 20th century

109
Q

What is the belief of biodynamic growers?

A

All parts of the universe are connected as an ecosystem. Alignment of planets / moon phases should direct when work is done in the vineyard.

110
Q

Who does biodynamic certifications?

A

Demeter International

111
Q

What is the premise of sustainable viticulture?

A

Leave land in better condition than when you started. Include all environmental factors i.e. global warming, green house gases, water usage.

112
Q

Name 3 organizations / programs spearheading sustainable viticulture.

A

Napa Green, Napa Valley Vineyards; Vine Balance, NY; Lodi Rules, Lodi Wine Commission

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