Ch3-GrapeVarieties Flashcards

1
Q

What is the genus for grapes?

A

Vitis

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2
Q

What is the most common species of grapes?

A

Vinifera

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3
Q

Where did vitis vinifera vines develop?

A

Caucasus mountains region between Europe and Asia

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4
Q

What is a vine subspecies?

A

grape variety

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5
Q

What is the second most important species of grapes?

A

vitis labrusca

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6
Q

Where were labrusca vines found?

A

growing wild in america during the colonia period

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7
Q

Why are labrusca grapes important?

A

they are sweet, flavorful, including Concord. Make table grapes for fresh consumption and plain grape juice

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8
Q

Why are labrusca grapes not good for wine making?

A

high acidity and foxy flavor / aroma

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9
Q

What is an advantage of american vines over vinifera?

A

natural resistance to phylloxera

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10
Q

How did american vines help vinifera?

A

grafted the scion from vinifera onto the american trunk (rootstock) to make phylloxera resistant vine

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11
Q

What is a species?

A

grouping of plants / animals that are genetically similar. Broad characteristics in common; produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction.

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12
Q

What is a variety?

A

a subspecies in grapes; share characteristics of appearance, flavor, growth. i.e Chardonnay and Syrah

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13
Q

What is a clone?

A

copies of a parent grape, propagated by asexual means. Can also mean slightly different from parent when genetic variations occur due to different surroundings

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14
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Vine developed different charactertiscs from parents due to imperfect reproduction of calls. This is a slow process

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15
Q

What is a cross?

A

offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies i.e. Cab Sauv is the result of Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc

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16
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

result of sexual reproduction between 2 different species i.e. between vitis vinifera and vitis labrusca

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17
Q

Examples of 3 well known hybrid varieties.

A

Seyval Blanc, Vidal Blanc, Baco Noir

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18
Q

What are hybrids challenging for wine making?

A

struggle to develop tannins, can have high acid

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19
Q

what is an indigenous grape variety?

A

one that hasn’t been widely transplanted or successfully grown outside a specific country or region

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20
Q

What are 3 other terms for indigenous variety?

A

traditional, native, autochthonous

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21
Q

What is the worlds most popular white grape variety?

A

Chardonnay

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22
Q

Where does Chardonnay come from?

A

Burgundy, France

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23
Q

What soil gives Chardonnay the best flavor?

A

limestone

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24
Q

What is a California style Chardonnay?

A

less acid, fuller body

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25
Q

What white wine grape does well with oak?

A

Chardonnay

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26
Q

What are top Chardonnay producing countries?

A

France, United States, Australia

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27
Q

Aromas of cool climate Chardonnay.

A

green apple, melon, pear

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28
Q

Aromas of warm climate Chardonnay.

A

tropical fruit

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29
Q

Aromas of oak aged Chardonnay.

A

vanilla, butterscotch, caramel, toast

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30
Q

Acidity level for Chardonnay.

A

medium - high

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31
Q

Alcohol level for Chardonnay.

A

medium - high

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32
Q

What grape varietal is most versatile and why?

A

Chenin Blanc. Produce wines in all sweetness levels, still or sparkling, and botrytized.

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33
Q

What are the top Chenin Blanc producing regions?

A

Loire Valley, South Africa, Central Valley CA

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34
Q

Aromas of Chenin Blanc.

A

green apple, melon, green plum, citrus blossoms, earth, mineral, wet wool. Aged: honey and quince

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35
Q

Acidity level for Chenin Blanc

A

medium plus - high

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36
Q

Alcohol level for Chenin Blanc

A

medium - high

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37
Q

Where is Chenin Blanc most widely planted?

A

South Africa; twice as much as France

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38
Q

What is another name for Chenin Blanc?

A

steen (South Africa)

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39
Q

Name an ancient grape variety

A

muscat

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40
Q

What wine style is typically produced with Muscat?

A

sweet wines

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41
Q

What are the 3 main varieties of Muscat?

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Ottonel

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42
Q

Name 4 well known examples of dessert muscat

A

Moscato d’Asti, Rutherglen Muscat (Australia), vin doux naturels from Southern France, Moscatels South Spain

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43
Q

Top producing Muscat countries

A

Italy, France, Chile, Australia

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44
Q

Aromas of muscat

A

fresh white grapes, floral aroma, musk, honey, orange blossom, apricot

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45
Q

Acid level of muscat

A

low to medium

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46
Q

Alcohol level of muscat

A

medium to high

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47
Q

What is another name for Pino Gris?

A

Pinot Grigio

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48
Q

Where was Pinot Gris developed?

A

Burgundy; was a mutation of Pinot Noir

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49
Q

what does Pinot Gris mean?

A

gray pinot in reference to the lightly pink color skin

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50
Q

What is the wine style of Pinot Gris?

A

cool climate, med plus acid, med to full body, apple, pear, almond aroma. Sometimes with residual sugar

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51
Q

Where can you find Pino Gris wine style?

A

Alsace, France; Oregon; Germany

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52
Q

What is Pinot Gris called in Germany (2)?

A

rulander, grauburgunder

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53
Q

What is the wine style of Pinot Grigio?

A

warmer style (California, Australia). Med minus acid, higher alcohol, dry, neutral, unoaked

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54
Q

Top producing Pinot Gris / Grigio countries.

A

Italy, US, Germany, France, Australia

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55
Q

Aromas of Pinot Gris / Grigio

A

apple, lemon, peach, melon, minerals, almond

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56
Q

Acid level of Pinot Gris / Grigio

A

low to high

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57
Q

Alcohol level of Pino Gris / Grigio

A

medium

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58
Q

Where is the Riesling grape from?

A

Germany

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59
Q

What style of wines are made from Riesling?

A

all styles of sweetness - dry to sweet dessert wine

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60
Q

What is the typical stype of Riesling?

A

off dry to medium sweet

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61
Q

What white wine has the most ageability and why?

A

riesling because of the high acid and residual sugar in the wine

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62
Q

Is white Riesling the same as Riesling?

A

yes

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63
Q

Top producing Riesling countries

A

Germany, Australia, France, US

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64
Q

Aromas of Riesling

A

petrol / kerosene, lime, peach, nectarine, apricot, honey suckle, wet stone. Baking spice, if aged.

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65
Q

Acid level for Riesling

A

high to very high; grapes naturally high in acid; does not go down when grapes ripen.

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66
Q

Alcohol level of Riesling

A

very low to high; some offdry wines as low as 7 - 8%

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67
Q

Where does Sauvignon Blanc come from?

A

France - Loire Valley and Bordeaux

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68
Q

What is the style of NZ Sauvignon Blanc?

A

herbal characters, grape fruit, tropical fruit, aromatic ‘zesty’ style

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69
Q

What is fume blanc? Where did it originate?

A

Sauvignon Blanc that has been oak aged. Robert Mondavi did this in the 1960s.

70
Q

What is a blending grape for Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Semilllon

71
Q

Why blend Sauvignon Blanc with Semillon?

A

Sauvignon Blanc is high in acid; Semillion is low in acid

72
Q

What famous wine is Sauvignon Blanc used for?

A

Sauternes dessert wines

73
Q

Top producing Sauvignon Blanc countries.

A

France, NZ, Chile, US, South Africa

74
Q

Aromas of Sauvignon Blanc.

A

grass, hay, grapefruit, green pepper (cool), asparagus, melon (warm), flint (Loire), gooseberry (NZ), toast & smoke (oak aged)

75
Q

Acid levels of Sauvignon Blanc.

A

medium plus - high

76
Q

Alcohol levels of Sauvignon Blanc.

A

medium

77
Q

What is Semillon typically blended with and in what region (2)?

A

Sauvignon Blanc - Bordeaux; Chardonnay - Australia

78
Q

Attributes of Semillon (acid, flavors)?

A

low acid, waxy / oily in mouth

79
Q

Attributes of Viognier (acid, body, flavors)?

A

rich, viscous, full bodied; aromas of flowers, peach, tangerine

80
Q

What is the signature grape of Virginia?

A

Viognier

81
Q

Where is Viognier most widely planted?

A

Rhone River Valley, FR, Australia, California, South America, East Coast of US

82
Q

Where is Pinot Blanc grown?

A

Italy, Germany, Austria, Alsace

83
Q

What is the origin of Pinot Blanc?

A

mutation of Pino Gris; descendant of Pinot Noir

84
Q

What are 2 other names for Pinot Blanc?

A

Pinot Bianco (Italy), Weissburgunder (Germany / Austria)

85
Q

What are the differences between Pinot Gris & Pinot Blanc?

A

difficult to tell the two apart. Pinot Blanc lighter on the palate and has more exotic aromas

86
Q

What are the aromas of gewurtztraminer?

A

very aromatic; flowes, spice, lychee, rose

87
Q

What are the growing regions for gewurtztraminer?

A

Small plantings in most countries; Alsace is most prominent; first recorded in Italian Alps

88
Q

What grape is used to make balsamic vinegar?

A

trebbiano

89
Q

What is another name for Trebbiano?

A

Ugni Blanc

90
Q

What is ugni blanc used to make?

A

brandy & cognac

91
Q

What are the main regions for Trebbiano?

A

France & Italy

92
Q

What grapes are Cabernet Franc typically blended with?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

93
Q

Common growing regions for Cabernet Franc.

A

Bordeaux, Loire Valley (Chinon & Bourgueil), NE Italy, NY State, California

94
Q

Top producing countries for Cabernet Franc

A

France, Italy, US

95
Q

Typical aromas of Cabernet Franc

A

cranberry, strawberry, tobacco, mushroom, bell pepper, tea (cool), raspberry, violet (warm)

96
Q

Acidity level Cabernet Franc

A

med - high

97
Q

Tannin level Cabernet Franc

A

light - medium

98
Q

Alcohol level Cabernet Franc

A

medium

99
Q

Where did Cabernet Sauvignon originate?

A

Bordeaux

100
Q

What grape is one of the most successful ‘traveling vines’?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

101
Q

What quality wine grape is most widely planted in the world?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

102
Q

What type of climate does Cabernet Sauvignon prefer?

A

Needs sufficient heat & sun exposure to fully ripen. Does well in hot climates. Does not like early winters.

103
Q

What is the style of a ‘Napa Cab’?

A

fruit forward, alcoholic, powerful, lower in acid than Bordeaux wines

104
Q

Top producing Cabernet Sauvignon countries

A

France, Chile, US, Australia

105
Q

Aromas of Cabernet Sauvignon

A

black currant, black cherry, eucalyptus, mint, bell pepper (cool), dark chocolate, cedar, vanilla, tobacco, coffee, caramel, cigar box (aged)

106
Q

Acid levels of Cabernet Sauvignon

A

med - high

107
Q

Tannin level Cabernet Sauvignon

A

high

108
Q

Alcohol level Cabernet Sauvignon

A

high

109
Q

What is the origin of Grenache?

A

Spain - Garnacha; Sardinia - Cannonau

110
Q

What grapes are in a Rhone style blend?

A

Grenachs, Syrah, Mourvedre

111
Q

What does Grenache add to a wine?

A

color, acid, complexity

112
Q

What climate does Grenache like?

A

hot & dry

113
Q

What are styles of wine for Grenache?

A

dry table wine, rose, sweet fortified wine

114
Q

Characteristics of a Grenache fortified wine.

A

oxidizes quickly; salmon / orange tinge, rusticity in aroma

115
Q

Well known regions for Grenache

A

S Rhone, Priorat, Rioja, Navarra, Australia

116
Q

Top producing Grenache countries?

A

France, Spain

117
Q

Aromas of grenache

A

strawberry, sour cherry, flowers, black berry, cranberry

118
Q

Acid levels of Grenache

A

low-med

119
Q

Tannin levels of Grenache

A

low-med

120
Q

Alcohol levels of grenache

A

high

121
Q

Describe merlot compared to cabernet sauvignon

A

less intense, less tannic, less alcoholic, lighter and brighter fruit flavors

122
Q

What is the origin of Merlot?

A

Bordeaux, FR

123
Q

How does Merlot complement Cabernet?

A

similar aromas (not identical), Merlot ripens early

124
Q

Top producing Merlot countries

A

France, United States, Spain, Italy, Chile

125
Q

Aromas of Merlot

A

blueberry, plum, black cherry, mint, coffee, chocolate

126
Q

Acid in Merlot

A

Medium

127
Q

Tannin in Merlot

A

Medium

128
Q

Alcohol in Merlot

A

med - high

129
Q

Origins of Pinot Noir

A

not sure; say Burgundy

130
Q

Preferred climate for Pinot Noir

A

cool climate.

131
Q

Successful growing regions for Pinot Noir

A

Burgundy, Oregon, New Zealand, Champagne, cool areas in California,

132
Q

Where in France is Pinot Noir widely planted?

A

Champagne

133
Q

What is the name for Pinot Noir in Germany?

A

Spatburgunder

134
Q

What is the most widley planted red grape in Germany?

A

Pinot Noir

135
Q

Why is it tough to grow Pinot Noir?

A

genetically unstable; prone to mutations

136
Q

Top producing Pinot Noir countries

A

France, US, Germany

137
Q

Aromas of Pinot Noir

A

cherry, raspberry, strawbery, earth, violet, lilac, sandalwood, mushroom

138
Q

Acid level of Pinot Noir

A

med - high

139
Q

Tannin in Pinot Noir

A

low - med

140
Q

Alcohol levels of Pinot Noir

A

medium

141
Q

What is another name for Syrah?

A

Shiraz

142
Q

Where do folks use the name Shiraz?

A

Australia, South Africa, other new world countries

143
Q

What is the leading red grape of Australia?

A

Shiraz

144
Q

Where is Syrah gaining popularity?

A

Central Coast California, Washington, South Africa, Argentina

145
Q

What is the style of single varietal Syrah?

A

inky,dark flavored, tannic

146
Q

Top producing Syrah countries

A

France, Australia, US

147
Q

Aromas of Syrah

A

blackberry, tar, leather, anise, rosemary, black pepper, smoke, lavender, forest floor, earth, dried fruits, smoked meat (well aged)

148
Q

Acid levels of Syrah

A

low-med

149
Q

Tannin levels of Syrah

A

high

150
Q

Alcohol levels of Syrah

A

high

151
Q

Wine style for Zinfandel

A

densely pigmmented, spicy, high alcohol, full body

152
Q

Aromas of Zinfandel.

A

jammy fruit character, raspberry, blackberry, raisin

153
Q

Who determined Zinfandel origins and when?

A

Dr. Carole Meredith, 1994 at UC Davis

154
Q

What is the origin of Zinfandel?

A

Identical to Primitivo (Italy) and Tribidrag (Croatia)

155
Q

Aromas of Sangiovese

A

sour cherry, orange peel

156
Q

Wine style of Sangiovese.

A

light color, high acid

157
Q

Aromas of Nebbiolo.

A

tar and roses, cherry, blackberry, licorice

158
Q

Wine Style of Nebbiolo

A

long lived, highly tannic wines, need oak and bottle aging

159
Q

What is the leading red grape of Spain?

A

Tempranillo

160
Q

What are 2 names for Tempranillo in Portugal?

A

Tinta Roriz and Aragonez

161
Q

Blending grape with Tempranillo in Rioja?

A

Mazuelo

162
Q

Aromas of Tempranillo

A

strawberry, cherry, currant, spice (from grapes), leater, tobacco, chalky dust (from wine making)

163
Q

Common growing regions for Tempranillo.

A

Spain, Portugal, California, Texas, Oregon

164
Q

Common growing regions for Malbec.

A

Cahors, FR, Argentina, Loire Valley, California, Washington, Oregon, Chile

165
Q

Aromas of Malbec

A

blackberry, plum

166
Q

Wine style of Malbec

A

deeply colored, inky black.

167
Q

Common growing regions for Gamay

A

Beaujolais, Maconnaise, Loire, Switzerland.

168
Q

Technical name for Gamay

A

Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc

169
Q

Wine style of Beaujolais Nouveau.

A

red cherry, strawberry, red candy, banana, light, low tannin, carbonic maceration

170
Q

Wine style of Cru Beaujolais.

A

rich, age worthy, black fruit, raspberry, spice

171
Q

What soil goes Gamay grow well in?

A

granite