Ch3-GrapeVarieties Flashcards
1
Q
What is the genus for grapes?
A
Vitis
2
Q
What is the most common species of grapes?
A
Vinifera
3
Q
Where did vitis vinifera vines develop?
A
Caucasus mountains region between Europe and Asia
4
Q
What is a vine subspecies?
A
grape variety
5
Q
What is the second most important species of grapes?
A
vitis labrusca
6
Q
Where were labrusca vines found?
A
growing wild in america during the colonia period
7
Q
Why are labrusca grapes important?
A
they are sweet, flavorful, including Concord. Make table grapes for fresh consumption and plain grape juice
8
Q
Why are labrusca grapes not good for wine making?
A
high acidity and foxy flavor / aroma
9
Q
What is an advantage of american vines over vinifera?
A
natural resistance to phylloxera
10
Q
How did american vines help vinifera?
A
grafted the scion from vinifera onto the american trunk (rootstock) to make phylloxera resistant vine
11
Q
What is a species?
A
grouping of plants / animals that are genetically similar. Broad characteristics in common; produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction.
12
Q
What is a variety?
A
a subspecies in grapes; share characteristics of appearance, flavor, growth. i.e Chardonnay and Syrah
13
Q
What is a clone?
A
copies of a parent grape, propagated by asexual means. Can also mean slightly different from parent when genetic variations occur due to different surroundings
14
Q
What is a mutation?
A
Vine developed different charactertiscs from parents due to imperfect reproduction of calls. This is a slow process
15
Q
What is a cross?
A
offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies i.e. Cab Sauv is the result of Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc
16
Q
What is a hybrid?
A
result of sexual reproduction between 2 different species i.e. between vitis vinifera and vitis labrusca
17
Q
Examples of 3 well known hybrid varieties.
A
Seyval Blanc, Vidal Blanc, Baco Noir
18
Q
What are hybrids challenging for wine making?
A
struggle to develop tannins, can have high acid
19
Q
what is an indigenous grape variety?
A
one that hasn’t been widely transplanted or successfully grown outside a specific country or region
20
Q
What are 3 other terms for indigenous variety?
A
traditional, native, autochthonous
21
Q
What is the worlds most popular white grape variety?
A
Chardonnay
22
Q
Where does Chardonnay come from?
A
Burgundy, France
23
Q
What soil gives Chardonnay the best flavor?
A
limestone
24
Q
What is a California style Chardonnay?
A
less acid, fuller body
25
What white wine grape does well with oak?
Chardonnay
26
What are top Chardonnay producing countries?
France, United States, Australia
27
Aromas of cool climate Chardonnay.
green apple, melon, pear
28
Aromas of warm climate Chardonnay.
tropical fruit
29
Aromas of oak aged Chardonnay.
vanilla, butterscotch, caramel, toast
30
Acidity level for Chardonnay.
medium - high
31
Alcohol level for Chardonnay.
medium - high
32
What grape varietal is most versatile and why?
Chenin Blanc. Produce wines in all sweetness levels, still or sparkling, and botrytized.
33
What are the top Chenin Blanc producing regions?
Loire Valley, South Africa, Central Valley CA
34
Aromas of Chenin Blanc.
green apple, melon, green plum, citrus blossoms, earth, mineral, wet wool. Aged: honey and quince
35
Acidity level for Chenin Blanc
medium plus - high
36
Alcohol level for Chenin Blanc
medium - high
37
Where is Chenin Blanc most widely planted?
South Africa; twice as much as France
38
What is another name for Chenin Blanc?
steen (South Africa)
39
Name an ancient grape variety
muscat
40
What wine style is typically produced with Muscat?
sweet wines
41
What are the 3 main varieties of Muscat?
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Ottonel
42
Name 4 well known examples of dessert muscat
Moscato d'Asti, Rutherglen Muscat (Australia), vin doux naturels from Southern France, Moscatels South Spain
43
Top producing Muscat countries
Italy, France, Chile, Australia
44
Aromas of muscat
fresh white grapes, floral aroma, musk, honey, orange blossom, apricot
45
Acid level of muscat
low to medium
46
Alcohol level of muscat
medium to high
47
What is another name for Pino Gris?
Pinot Grigio
48
Where was Pinot Gris developed?
Burgundy; was a mutation of Pinot Noir
49
what does Pinot Gris mean?
gray pinot in reference to the lightly pink color skin
50
What is the wine style of Pinot Gris?
cool climate, med plus acid, med to full body, apple, pear, almond aroma. Sometimes with residual sugar
51
Where can you find Pino Gris wine style?
Alsace, France; Oregon; Germany
52
What is Pinot Gris called in Germany (2)?
rulander, grauburgunder
53
What is the wine style of Pinot Grigio?
warmer style (California, Australia). Med minus acid, higher alcohol, dry, neutral, unoaked
54
Top producing Pinot Gris / Grigio countries.
Italy, US, Germany, France, Australia
55
Aromas of Pinot Gris / Grigio
apple, lemon, peach, melon, minerals, almond
56
Acid level of Pinot Gris / Grigio
low to high
57
Alcohol level of Pino Gris / Grigio
medium
58
Where is the Riesling grape from?
Germany
59
What style of wines are made from Riesling?
all styles of sweetness - dry to sweet dessert wine
60
What is the typical stype of Riesling?
off dry to medium sweet
61
What white wine has the most ageability and why?
riesling because of the high acid and residual sugar in the wine
62
Is white Riesling the same as Riesling?
yes
63
Top producing Riesling countries
Germany, Australia, France, US
64
Aromas of Riesling
petrol / kerosene, lime, peach, nectarine, apricot, honey suckle, wet stone. Baking spice, if aged.
65
Acid level for Riesling
high to very high; grapes naturally high in acid; does not go down when grapes ripen.
66
Alcohol level of Riesling
very low to high; some offdry wines as low as 7 - 8%
67
Where does Sauvignon Blanc come from?
France - Loire Valley and Bordeaux
68
What is the style of NZ Sauvignon Blanc?
herbal characters, grape fruit, tropical fruit, aromatic 'zesty' style
69
What is fume blanc? Where did it originate?
Sauvignon Blanc that has been oak aged. Robert Mondavi did this in the 1960s.
70
What is a blending grape for Sauvignon Blanc?
Semilllon
71
Why blend Sauvignon Blanc with Semillon?
Sauvignon Blanc is high in acid; Semillion is low in acid
72
What famous wine is Sauvignon Blanc used for?
Sauternes dessert wines
73
Top producing Sauvignon Blanc countries.
France, NZ, Chile, US, South Africa
74
Aromas of Sauvignon Blanc.
grass, hay, grapefruit, green pepper (cool), asparagus, melon (warm), flint (Loire), gooseberry (NZ), toast & smoke (oak aged)
75
Acid levels of Sauvignon Blanc.
medium plus - high
76
Alcohol levels of Sauvignon Blanc.
medium
77
What is Semillon typically blended with and in what region (2)?
Sauvignon Blanc - Bordeaux; Chardonnay - Australia
78
Attributes of Semillon (acid, flavors)?
low acid, waxy / oily in mouth
79
Attributes of Viognier (acid, body, flavors)?
rich, viscous, full bodied; aromas of flowers, peach, tangerine
80
What is the signature grape of Virginia?
Viognier
81
Where is Viognier most widely planted?
Rhone River Valley, FR, Australia, California, South America, East Coast of US
82
Where is Pinot Blanc grown?
Italy, Germany, Austria, Alsace
83
What is the origin of Pinot Blanc?
mutation of Pino Gris; descendant of Pinot Noir
84
What are 2 other names for Pinot Blanc?
Pinot Bianco (Italy), Weissburgunder (Germany / Austria)
85
What are the differences between Pinot Gris & Pinot Blanc?
difficult to tell the two apart. Pinot Blanc lighter on the palate and has more exotic aromas
86
What are the aromas of gewurtztraminer?
very aromatic; flowes, spice, lychee, rose
87
What are the growing regions for gewurtztraminer?
Small plantings in most countries; Alsace is most prominent; first recorded in Italian Alps
88
What grape is used to make balsamic vinegar?
trebbiano
89
What is another name for Trebbiano?
Ugni Blanc
90
What is ugni blanc used to make?
brandy & cognac
91
What are the main regions for Trebbiano?
France & Italy
92
What grapes are Cabernet Franc typically blended with?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
93
Common growing regions for Cabernet Franc.
Bordeaux, Loire Valley (Chinon & Bourgueil), NE Italy, NY State, California
94
Top producing countries for Cabernet Franc
France, Italy, US
95
Typical aromas of Cabernet Franc
cranberry, strawberry, tobacco, mushroom, bell pepper, tea (cool), raspberry, violet (warm)
96
Acidity level Cabernet Franc
med - high
97
Tannin level Cabernet Franc
light - medium
98
Alcohol level Cabernet Franc
medium
99
Where did Cabernet Sauvignon originate?
Bordeaux
100
What grape is one of the most successful 'traveling vines'?
Cabernet Sauvignon
101
What quality wine grape is most widely planted in the world?
Cabernet Sauvignon
102
What type of climate does Cabernet Sauvignon prefer?
Needs sufficient heat & sun exposure to fully ripen. Does well in hot climates. Does not like early winters.
103
What is the style of a 'Napa Cab'?
fruit forward, alcoholic, powerful, lower in acid than Bordeaux wines
104
Top producing Cabernet Sauvignon countries
France, Chile, US, Australia
105
Aromas of Cabernet Sauvignon
black currant, black cherry, eucalyptus, mint, bell pepper (cool), dark chocolate, cedar, vanilla, tobacco, coffee, caramel, cigar box (aged)
106
Acid levels of Cabernet Sauvignon
med - high
107
Tannin level Cabernet Sauvignon
high
108
Alcohol level Cabernet Sauvignon
high
109
What is the origin of Grenache?
Spain - Garnacha; Sardinia - Cannonau
110
What grapes are in a Rhone style blend?
Grenachs, Syrah, Mourvedre
111
What does Grenache add to a wine?
color, acid, complexity
112
What climate does Grenache like?
hot & dry
113
What are styles of wine for Grenache?
dry table wine, rose, sweet fortified wine
114
Characteristics of a Grenache fortified wine.
oxidizes quickly; salmon / orange tinge, rusticity in aroma
115
Well known regions for Grenache
S Rhone, Priorat, Rioja, Navarra, Australia
116
Top producing Grenache countries?
France, Spain
117
Aromas of grenache
strawberry, sour cherry, flowers, black berry, cranberry
118
Acid levels of Grenache
low-med
119
Tannin levels of Grenache
low-med
120
Alcohol levels of grenache
high
121
Describe merlot compared to cabernet sauvignon
less intense, less tannic, less alcoholic, lighter and brighter fruit flavors
122
What is the origin of Merlot?
Bordeaux, FR
123
How does Merlot complement Cabernet?
similar aromas (not identical), Merlot ripens early
124
Top producing Merlot countries
France, United States, Spain, Italy, Chile
125
Aromas of Merlot
blueberry, plum, black cherry, mint, coffee, chocolate
126
Acid in Merlot
Medium
127
Tannin in Merlot
Medium
128
Alcohol in Merlot
med - high
129
Origins of Pinot Noir
not sure; say Burgundy
130
Preferred climate for Pinot Noir
cool climate.
131
Successful growing regions for Pinot Noir
Burgundy, Oregon, New Zealand, Champagne, cool areas in California,
132
Where in France is Pinot Noir widely planted?
Champagne
133
What is the name for Pinot Noir in Germany?
Spatburgunder
134
What is the most widley planted red grape in Germany?
Pinot Noir
135
Why is it tough to grow Pinot Noir?
genetically unstable; prone to mutations
136
Top producing Pinot Noir countries
France, US, Germany
137
Aromas of Pinot Noir
cherry, raspberry, strawbery, earth, violet, lilac, sandalwood, mushroom
138
Acid level of Pinot Noir
med - high
139
Tannin in Pinot Noir
low - med
140
Alcohol levels of Pinot Noir
medium
141
What is another name for Syrah?
Shiraz
142
Where do folks use the name Shiraz?
Australia, South Africa, other new world countries
143
What is the leading red grape of Australia?
Shiraz
144
Where is Syrah gaining popularity?
Central Coast California, Washington, South Africa, Argentina
145
What is the style of single varietal Syrah?
inky,dark flavored, tannic
146
Top producing Syrah countries
France, Australia, US
147
Aromas of Syrah
blackberry, tar, leather, anise, rosemary, black pepper, smoke, lavender, forest floor, earth, dried fruits, smoked meat (well aged)
148
Acid levels of Syrah
low-med
149
Tannin levels of Syrah
high
150
Alcohol levels of Syrah
high
151
Wine style for Zinfandel
densely pigmmented, spicy, high alcohol, full body
152
Aromas of Zinfandel.
jammy fruit character, raspberry, blackberry, raisin
153
Who determined Zinfandel origins and when?
Dr. Carole Meredith, 1994 at UC Davis
154
What is the origin of Zinfandel?
Identical to Primitivo (Italy) and Tribidrag (Croatia)
155
Aromas of Sangiovese
sour cherry, orange peel
156
Wine style of Sangiovese.
light color, high acid
157
Aromas of Nebbiolo.
tar and roses, cherry, blackberry, licorice
158
Wine Style of Nebbiolo
long lived, highly tannic wines, need oak and bottle aging
159
What is the leading red grape of Spain?
Tempranillo
160
What are 2 names for Tempranillo in Portugal?
Tinta Roriz and Aragonez
161
Blending grape with Tempranillo in Rioja?
Mazuelo
162
Aromas of Tempranillo
strawberry, cherry, currant, spice (from grapes), leater, tobacco, chalky dust (from wine making)
163
Common growing regions for Tempranillo.
Spain, Portugal, California, Texas, Oregon
164
Common growing regions for Malbec.
Cahors, FR, Argentina, Loire Valley, California, Washington, Oregon, Chile
165
Aromas of Malbec
blackberry, plum
166
Wine style of Malbec
deeply colored, inky black.
167
Common growing regions for Gamay
Beaujolais, Maconnaise, Loire, Switzerland.
168
Technical name for Gamay
Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc
169
Wine style of Beaujolais Nouveau.
red cherry, strawberry, red candy, banana, light, low tannin, carbonic maceration
170
Wine style of Cru Beaujolais.
rich, age worthy, black fruit, raspberry, spice
171
What soil goes Gamay grow well in?
granite
