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Biology 20 > Ch.4 population change > Flashcards

Ch.4 population change Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptation

A

structural, behaviour or physiological process that helps an organism survive + reproduce

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2
Q

Why adapation

A

makes species will suited for envionemnt, is a result of gradual change in characteristics over time

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3
Q

variation

A

visible or invisible differences that help survive

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4
Q

why variation

A

not all become adaptations some do, can be helpful, harmful or neither- some adaptations increase survival

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5
Q

why are organisms differenet

A

bc/ of mutations and sexual reproductions

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6
Q

mutations

A

change in DNA of cell

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7
Q

more mutations

A

occur spontaneously, can be induced by mutagens: UV light, chemicals,- mutations on gametes inherited, DNA mutates helpful or cell die, when helpful gives selective advantage

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

off-spring have combo of genetic info from both parents

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9
Q

why sexual repoduction

A

produces variation, off-spring have different DNA, many parents with different genes

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10
Q

how more variation

A

reproduce often- increases # of mutants, sexual reproduction w no similar mates - increases variability

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11
Q

natural selection

A

process that results when characteristics of population of organisms change, more favourable ones stay

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12
Q

Key points of NS

A

needs variation with species, better traits survive and reproduce and more offspring, intra-specific competition better for favourable traits will reproduce the most, traits get passed down (selective advantage)

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13
Q

evolution

A

change in population overtime
- individuals can’t genetically evolve

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14
Q

Comte de Buffon

A

publicly challanged idea of no evolution, suggested common ancestry, earth >6000,

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15
Q

Cuvier

A

different layers of rock = different fossils - deeper = not similar, evidence of species extinction not evolution, proposed Catastrophism

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16
Q

catastrophism

A

all major changes on earth caused by catastrophies

17
Q

Lyell

A

rejected catastrophism, natural process operated at same rate as in past, earth >6000, slow process over time = big change

18
Q

Lamarck

A

the first theory of evolution
theory of inheritance of acquired characters - organisms change bc environment, change from simple to complex until perfection, use of disuse of traits passed to off-spring

19
Q

Darwin + Wallace

A

theory of natural selection
origin of species - organisms today are modifications of ancestors, different species adapted to environment evolve

20
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossil record, transitional fossils, patters of distribution (biogeography), anatomical, embryology, molecular biology + genetics

21
Q

molecular biology + genetics

A

all cels have DNA, carbs, H2O, proteins, cell membrane - more similar molecules made by organisms more related

22
Q

embryology

A

similar embryos in related groups point to same ancestor

23
Q

anatomical evidence

A

homologous: same structure different function
analogous: similar function no common ancestor

24
Q

biogeography

A

study of past + present geological distribution of organisms, more similar organism found geographically close, on island organism similar to animals on land close to it

25
Q

transitional fossils

A

show intermediary links between groups, helps scientists understand process + relationship between groups

26
Q

fossil record

A

appear in chronological order, fossils in upper layer more similar to today

27
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species

28
Q

transformation

A

one turn into another, caused by environmental changes/pressures, original species no longer

29
Q

divergence

A

one splits into 2, caused by separation of members then separate evolution, results in reproductivly isolate populations

30
Q

geographical barriers

A

physical abt environment that separates, eg: lakes, continents, dams, isolation not forever but until not compatible reproductively

31
Q

biological barriers

A

behavioral factors prevent members from breeding

32
Q

prezygotic barrier

A

biological barrier before fertilization - habitat, behaviour, temporal, mechanical, gametic isolation

33
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

biological barrier after fertilization, ‘hybrid instability - reduced hybrid viability/fertility, hybrid breakdown

34
Q

adaptive radiation

A

single species rapidly adapt to fill available niches in the environment

35
Q

pace of evolution

A

amount of genetic variation- more offspring with variation, more pressure to adapt - changing environment and more predators

36
Q

gradualism

A

evolution occurs gradually at steady rate, small change over time = big change

37
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution of species occurs mostly on show period of time has great change then long time with very little change

Biology 20 (3 decks)

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