ch.1 ecology + biosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

ecology

A

study of relationship among an ecosystem

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2
Q

open system

A

both energy + matter can be exchanged

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3
Q

closed system

A

only energy can be exchanged, matter cannot

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4
Q

atmosphere

A

layer of gases around planet

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5
Q

geosphere

A

the land part of earth

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6
Q

hydrosphere

A

water on earth, clouds + underground water

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7
Q

biosphere

A

all biomes together

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8
Q

major source of energy

A

sun

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9
Q

producer (autotrophs)

A

convert light energy into stored chemical energy in carbos via phtotsyntesis

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10
Q

consumers (heterotrophs)

A

energy in carbs to power cell via cell resp. / fermentation

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11
Q

how is energy lost

A

through heat

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12
Q

main outcomes of sunlight

A

reflection, absorption, transmission

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13
Q

effect of amount of sunlight on earth

A

change in atomsphere (dust), hydrologic cycle (clouds), surface of earth (albedo)

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14
Q

albedo

A

amount of sunlight an object reflects, as a %, white has high %, black low %

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15
Q

what happens to light

A

light hits earth, low wavelengths reflected into space, can go to space or be reflected by atmosphere

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16
Q

composition of atmosphere e

A

full of matter, gases interact with light, 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 1% everything else

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17
Q

greenhouse gases

A

absorb infrared energy and keep earth warm, include CO2, H2O, methane

18
Q

photosynthetic producers

A

convert CO2, H2O, and light into stored biological energy via photosynthesis

19
Q

chemosynthetic producers

A

convert energy from chemical bonds into stored biological energy, eg: bacteria in deep-sea vents

20
Q

consumers

A

eat organic matter made by producers or other organisms

21
Q

primary consumers

A

first eaters of plants

22
Q

secondary consumers

A

animals that eat herbivors

23
Q

tertiary consumers

A

eat other carnivores or secondary consumers

24
Q

decomposers

A

get energy by eating dead organisms, shedded parts or waste material.

25
Q

why decomposers important

A

waste product of their eating is inorganic material that can be used by producers, in soil

26
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred

27
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

energy conversion not 100% efficient, when converted some lost through sound /heat

28
Q

trophic

A

food/feeding

29
Q

trophic level

A

feeding levels within ecosystem

30
Q

what happens to energy we take

A

waste energy, body tissue from growth, lost to environments as heat (heat produced by cell resp)

31
Q

food chain

A

show linear pathway where food in transferred to higher level, 3-6 levels, change at one level impacts other levels, law of thermodynamic limits leaves

32
Q

food webs

A

complex + accurate model that tracks food/E in ecosystem, beneficial for survival

33
Q

biomagnification

A

the concentration of chemicals increases at higher trophic level s

34
Q

rule of 10

A

only 10% of E is transferred to consumer so constant energy is need for life,

35
Q

ecological pyramids

A

diagrams that show how tropic level relates to organism #/ amount of E available, width shows quantity measured

36
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

organism at higher have less #, width shows # of organism,

37
Q

biomass

A

dry mass of living or once living organism per unit area, g/m^2

38
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

approximate amount of energy present in living tissue of organism makes up for different size of species

39
Q

pyramid of energy

A

eliminates problems with other models, more complicates, shows total amount of energy in each level, most accurate, must be pyramid shaped

40
Q

what affects ecosystems

A

biodiversity increases stability of food webs/ecosystems, change to one level affects another, change in any component changes ecosystem