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KS4 Biology > Ch.4 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Ch.4 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates - Single sugars scientific name

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides common examples

A

Glucose, fructose (and galactose)
Chem formula: C6 H12 O6

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3
Q

Carbohydrates - Glucose

A
  • Found in plants and animals
  • Hexagon-ish shape (refer to notebook)
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4
Q

Carbohydrates - Fructose

A
  • Found in plants, rare in animals
  • Pentagon shape (refer to notebook)
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5
Q

Carbohydrates - Double sugars scientific name

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

Carbohydrates - Disaccharides common examples

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose (sumala)

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7
Q

Carbohydrates - Sucrose

A
  • Found in sugarcane stems, sweet fruits, certain storage roots
  • Not found in mammals
  • Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose + Water (GFS)
  • Shape in notebook
  • Chem formula is C12 H22 O11
  • Process can be reversed through hydrolysis
  • NOT a reducing sugar
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8
Q

Carbohydrates - Maltose

A
  • Occurs in germinating grains
  • Glucose + Glucose –> Maltose + Water
  • Shape in notebook
  • Chem formula is C12 H22 O11
  • Process can be reversed through hydrolysis
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9
Q

Carbohydrates - Lactose

A
  • Glucose + galactose –> Lactose + water
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10
Q

Carbohydrates - Functions

A
  • Source and store of energy
  • Form supporting structures eg cellulose cell walls in plants
  • Formation of nucleic acids eg DNA
  • Make lubricants eg mucus
  • Nectar in flowers for pollination
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11
Q

Benedict’s solution test

A
  • Test for the presence of reducing sugars
  • Safety note:
    1. Do not heat the contents of the test-tube directly w/ a Bunsen flame as hot liquid may spill out and someone nearby mat get hurt
    2. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes
    3. Make sure the mouth of the test-tube is pointed away from yourself and others during heating
  • Heat/water bath needed
  • Present: refer to notebook
  • Absent: Remains blue
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12
Q

Starch test via iodine solution

A
  • Test for the presence of starch
  • Present: Blue-black
  • Absent: Remains yellow/brown
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13
Q

Complex carbohydrates - scientific name

A

Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Polysaccharides - what are they?

A

Many monosaccharide molecules (eg glucose, fructose) joined to form a long molecule

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15
Q

Polysaccharides - Starch

A
  • Thousand glucose molecules joined together
  • Two forms: unbranced (gives the blue-black colour when tested in iodine) and branched
  • Structure: refer to notebook

FUNCTION:
- Storage form of carbs in plants
- Can be digested into glucose to provide energy for cell activities
- Found in grains and storage organs of plants eg potato tubers and tapioca

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16
Q

Polysaccharides - Cellulose

A
  • Many glucose molecules joined together

FUNCTION:
- Cell wall in plant cells
- Support structure
- Protects plants from bursting/damage

17
Q

Polysaccharides - Glycogen

A
  • Branched molecule
  • Many glucose molecules joined together

FUNCTION:
- Storage form of carbohydrates in mammals
- Source of energy in cellular respiration to produce ATP
- Stored in the liver and muscles of mammals

18
Q

Fats + oils scientific name (not lipids)

A

Triglycerides

19
Q

Fats - at room temperature

A

Fats = solid
Oils = liquid

20
Q

Fat molecules are made out of…

A

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids –> Fat molecule + Water
Check notebook for structure

21
Q

Fat - sources

A

Salmon, red herring, butter, cheese, olivers

22
Q

Fat - functions

A
  • Source and store of energy (esp animals)
  • Insulating material and prevents excessive heat loss
  • Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and other vital substances eg hormones
  • Essential part of cells (cell membrane)
  • Reduces water as oily substance secreted by glands forms a thin layer over the skin surface, reducing the rate of evaporation of water
  • Reduces rate of heat loss from skin
23
Q

Ethanol emulsion test

A
  • Test for the presence of fats
  • Safety note: Ethanol is flammable so keep away from any open flame
  • Present: Cloudy white emulsion
  • Absent: Colourless/clear solution

PROCEDURE
1. Add ethanol to food sample
2. Test tube shaken so sample dissolves
- Lipids are soluble in ethanol because lipids and ethanol molecules contain parts that don’t have electrical charge
3. Dissolved sample added to pure, cold, distilled water (lipids insoluble in water)
4. Result

24
Q

Protein molecules are made out of…

A

Amino acids –> Polypeptide –> Protein

25
Q

Protein - sources

A
  • Milk
  • Eggs
  • Meat
  • Soya beans
  • Nuts, grains
26
Q

Protein - function

A
  • Make new cytoplasm which is used for growth and repair of worn-out tissues
  • Make enzymes and some hormones
  • Formation of antibodies to combat diseases
  • Make chromatin in chromosomes
27
Q

Biuret reagent test

A
  • Test for the presence of proteins
  • Safety note: handle with care as it may be harmful if swallowed
  • Biuret reagent is made out of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4)
  • Present: Purple
  • Absent: Remains blue
28
Q

DCPIP test

A
  • Test for the presence of Vitamin C
  • Safety note: Take care with fragile glassware eg burette
  • Present: Decolourised (becomes colourless)
  • Absent: Remains blue
29
Q

DNA full name

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

30
Q

DNA function

A

Carries genes/genetic information for development and functions of the body

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome, that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids , to make a specific protein . It is the unit of heredity , and may be copied and passed on to the next generation.

32
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

AT
CG
Twisted to form a double helix/double spiral

33
Q

Individual units of DNA

A

Nucleotide (monomers. DNA are polymers)

34
Q

Backbone of a DNA strand

A

Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar + a base

KS4 Biology (4 decks)

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