Ch.4 Flashcards
Sequence of parental development: CONCEPTION
A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell.
Sequence of parental development:
ZYGOTE
A fertilized egg that grows to about 100 cells, which become increasingly diverse.
How many days does it take a zygote to become an embryo?
14
How many weeks does it take for an embryo to turn into a fetus?
9.
Sequence of parental development: EMBRYO
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
Sequence of parental development: FETUS
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Teratogens
(“Monster maker”)
Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Maturation
The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, causing various motor skills and mental functions to develop in sequence— standing before walking, babbling before talking— this is called maturation.
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Rooting reflex helps babies locate food T or F?
True
Critical period
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Cognitive development
Jean Piaget believed that the driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make.
Stage one: SENSORIMOTOR
The stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Stage two: PRE OPERATIONAL
The stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete learning.
Conservation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be apart of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the despite changes in the forms of objects.
Egocentrism
The pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Theory of mind
People’s ideas about their own and others metal states— about their feelings perceptions and thoughts and the behaviors these might predicts
Stage 3: concrete operational stage
The stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Stage 4: formal operational
The stage of cognitive development (normally at age 12) during which kids begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Schemas
Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences
The process of assimilation involves
Incorporating New experiences into current understanding (schema)
Accommodation
The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it
Attachment
In emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregiver and showing distress on separation
Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about eight months of age
Separation anxiety
A developmental stage during which the child experiences anxiety when separated from the primary caregiver.
What age does separation anxiety peak
13 months
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
Harlows monkeys
Harlow showed that infants bond with Sarah get mothers because of bodily contact and not primarily because of nourishment
Secure attachment
Relaxed and attentive caregiving is the backbone of secure attachment
Insecure attachment
Harlow study showed that monkeys experience rate anxiety if the terrycloth mother is remove
Strange situation
60% of children express secure attachment
About 30% show insecure attachment
Signs of secure attachment
They explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When their mothers leave, they show distress
Signs of insecure attachment
These children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment
Temperament
A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Authoritarian parenting
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive parenting
Parent submit to Childrens demands
Authoritative parenting
Parents are demanding but responsive to their children
Preconventional morality
Before 9 children show morality to avoid punishment Or gain reward
Conventional morality
By early adolescence, social rules and laws are at held for their own sake
Postconventional morality
The firms peoples agreed upon and rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles
Adolescence
Is defined as the period between childhood and adult hood
Identity formation
Many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to form a close relationship
Peer and parental influence
Although teams become independent other parents as they grow older, nevertheless relate to their parents on a number of issues, including religion and career choices. Your approval and relationships are also very important
Parents have any influence over what four things
Politics
Religion
Career
Money
Peers have influence over what two things
Hobbies and clothing style
Emerging adulthood
Emerging adulthood spans for ages 18-25. During this time and young adults may live with their parents and attend college or work on average emerging adults marry in their mid 20s
Middle adulthood
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities in cardiac output begin to decline after mid 20s. Around age 50, women go through menopause in men experience levels of hormones and fertility
Developmental psychology
Expands our physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan, with a focus on three major issues
What are the three major issues of developmental psychology
Nature and nurture.
Continuity and stages
Stability and change
Nature and nurture
How does our genetic inheritance(our nature) interact with our experiences (nurture) to influence our development?
Continuity and stages
What parts of development or a gradual and continuous, like writing an escalator? What parts change abruptly and separate stages, like climbing wrongs on a ladder?
Stability and change
Which of our treats processed through life? How do we change as we go
