CH4

Question 1

what are some of the assumptions about psychological testing and assessment?

Answer 1

1. psychological traits and states exist
2. psychological traits and states can be quantified and measured
3. test-related behavior predicts non-test-related behavior
4. all tests have limits and imperfections
5. various sources of error are part of the assessment process
6. unfair and biased assessment procedures can be identified and reformed
7. testing assessment offer powerful benefits to society

Question 2

JUST THINK:

Give another example of how the same
behavior in two different contexts may be
viewed in terms of two different traits.

Answer 2

cheering someone on?

at a funeral or at an event where they are participating

funeral = asshole
event = supportive

Question 2

what is the definition of a trait?

Answer 2

any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in
which one individual varies from another

Question 3

this term refers to an informed, scientific concept developed or constructed to describe or explain behavior

Answer 3

construct

Question 4

JUST THINK:

Do you believe that testing can be conducted
in a fair and unbiased manner?

Answer 4

yes? but there is also a side that can say no due to how it isnt fair that a skill test is more passable if other people had better education.

Question 5

what is overt behavior?

Answer 5

overt behavior refers to an observable action or the product of an observable action, including test- or assessment-related responses

Question 6

what is cumulative scoring?

Answer 6

In cumulative scoring, a trait is measured by a series of test items.

Each response to a test item is converted to a number according to a test “key” (e.g., correct =
1 and incorrect = 0).

The magnitude of the trait is assumed to correspond in some way to the
sum of the keyed responses

Question 6

JUST THINK:

In practice, tests have proven to be good predictors of some types of behaviors and not-so-good predictors of other types of behaviors.

For example, tests have not proven to be as good at predicting violence as had been hoped.

Why do you think it is so difficult to predict violence by means of a test?

Answer 6

can it be because violence takes a multitude of forms? or pwede din ano like it’s an impulsive thing? not sure since impulsiveness can also be measured or maybe because of uhhh no one would willingly admit to any behavior about violence?

Question 7

this term refers to the component of a test score attributable to sources other than the trait or ability measured.

Answer 7

error variance

Question 8

what is the most controversial assumption of psychological testing and assumption?

Answer 8

unfair and biased assessment procedures can be identified and reformed

Question 9

what are the two key aspects of the psychometric soundness of tests?

Answer 9

reliability and validity

Question 10

how should we think of reliability?

Answer 10

think of three scales trying to weigh a pound of gold. A, B, and C. on scale A, it is 1 pound good! on scale B, it is 1.3 pounds kinda okay but not good, on scale C it is 0.7 pound and 1.6 the next time it is weighed. scale A is the best since it has the same weight every time the gold is put on it.

Question 11

when is a test considered valid?

Answer 11

a test is considered valid for a particular purpose if it does, in fact, measure what it purports to measure

Question 12

JUST THINK:

Why might a test shown to be valid for use for
a particular purpose with members of one population not be valid for use for that same
purpose with members of another population?

Answer 12

hmmmm i think pwede ito ma compare sa research namin for expe psych na yung pag measure sa conformity is with a general knowledge quiz that contained filipino trivia and that would not have any validity whatsoever if the testtaker was a foreigner or someone who didnt grow up with a filipino educational system

Question 12

this term refers to the method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to scores of a group of testtakers

In this approach, the meaning of an individual
test score is understood relative to other scores on the same test

Answer 12

norm-referenced testing and assessment

Question 13

what does the word ‘norms’ mean in the psychometric context?

Answer 13

In a psychometric context, norms are the test
performance data of a particular group of testtakers that are designed for use as a reference when evaluating or interpreting individual test scores

Question 14

this term refers to the process of deriving
norms

Answer 14

norming

Question 14

this term refers to a group of people
whose performance on a particular test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of individual testtakers

Answer 14

normative sample

Question 15

what is race norming?

Answer 15

race norming is the controversial practice of norming on the basis of race or ethnic background

Question 16

this term refers to a manual content that consist of descriptive statistics based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal sampling methods

Answer 16

user norms or program norms

Question 17

what are standardized tests?

Answer 17

standardized tests are tests that have clearly
specified procedures for administration, scoring, and interpretation in addition to norms

Question 17

this term refers to the process of administering a test to a representative sample of testtakers for the purpose of establishing norms

Answer 17

standardization or test standardization

Question 17

JUST THINK:

Truly random sampling is relatively rare.
Why do you think this is so?

Answer 17

because it is difficult for a testtaker to just simply take the test out of uh a random reason?

Question 18

this term refers to a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller subgroups known as strata

eg: students from ateneo population then nursing sample then engineering sample then business sample then ss sample

Answer 18

stratified sampling

Question 19

what is purposive sampling?

Answer 19

If we arbitrarily select some sample because we believe it to be representative of the population

Question 20

JUST THINK:

Why do you think each of these groups of
people were excluded from the standardization sample of a nationally standardized intelligence test?

■ Persons with upper-extremity disability that affects motor performance
■ Persons currently admitted to a hospital or mental or psychiatric facility
■ Persons currently taking medication that might depress test performance
■ Persons previously diagnosed with any physical condition or illness that might depress
test performance (such as stroke, epilepsy, or meningitis)
■ Persons tested on any intelligence measure in the six months prior to the testing
■ Persons not fluent in English or who are primarily nonverbal
■ Persons with uncorrected visual impairment or hearing loss

Answer 20

because they are not representative of people who would NORMALLY take this test?

Question 21

this term refers to the distribution of raw scores—more specifically, to the number of items that were answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of items

Answer 21

percentage correct

Question 21

this term refers to an expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score

Answer 21

percentile

Question 22

this term refers to something that indicates the average performance
of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered.

Answer 22

age norms/ age-equivalent scores

Question 22

what are grade norms and age norms usually referred to as?

Answer 22

developmental norms

Question 22

these norms are derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted

Answer 22

national norms

Question 22

what is the equipercentile method?

Answer 22

in using the equipercentile method, the equivalency of scores on different tests is calculated with reference to corresponding percentile scores

Question 23

this term refers to a method of evaluation
and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual’s score with
reference to a set standard

example: To be licensed as a psychologist, the applicant must achieve a score that meets or
exceeds the score mandated by the state on the licensing test.

Answer 23

criterion-referenced testing and assessment

Question 24

JUST THINK:

List other examples of a criterion that must be met in order to gain privileges or access of some sort.

Answer 24

to be a dean’s lister that could avail the privileges of having no absences, one should have the minimum of a 3.4 QPI

Question 25

what is the difference of norm-referenced approach and criterion referenced approach

Answer 25

the area of focus regarding test results, in norm-referenced your results are compared with others while in criterion-referenced the area of focus is how well you performed on the test and how much you’ve mastered regarding the material of the test

Question 26

what are criterion-referenced tests sometimes referred to as?

Answer 26

mastery tests

Question 27

JUST THINK:

For licensing of physicians, psychologists, engineers, and other professionals, would you advocate that your state use criterion- or
norm-referenced assessment? Why?

Answer 27

criterion oy yawa there isnt that much to be said if my results were to be compared to other people. what if they didnt study

Question 28

this term refers to a theory maintains that every measurement is an additive composite of two components: true ability (or the true level) of the respondent on that measure; and random error

Answer 28

true score theory