CH2 Flashcards
who pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation
half-cousin of Charles Darwin
Francis Galton
who developed the product-moment correlation technique?
Karl Pearson
who is credited with coining the term “mental test”?
James McKeen Cattell
who is the little-known founder of clinical psychology? and why?
Lightner Witmer because he treated a chronic bad speller
what instrument was the first widely used self-report measure of personality?
the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
this term refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.
self-report
what were the shortcomings of the self-report method of personality assessment?
People might honestly believe some things about themselves that in reality are not true
Respondents may have poor insight into themselves
Some respondents are unwilling to reveal anything about themselves that is personal or that could show them in a negative light
this term refers to the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people
culture
who researched about mental tests and immigrants and fueled the fire of an ongoing nature–nurture debate about what intelligence tests actually measure?
HE COINED THE TERM MORON
Henry H. Goddard
what is the most basic part of an assessment?
communication between assessor and assessee
are messages conveyed by body language different from culture to culture? give an example
yes, an example of this would be when Americans take failure to make eye contact as being deceitful but in other cultures it is a sign of respect
how was Freud influenced by where he lived?
since Freud lived in Victorian Vienna, a place where sex was not a subject for public discussion his sexual basis for thoughts and behaviors were a product of the sexually repressed culture he lived in
this type of culture is characterized by
value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness
individualist culture
in this type of culture, value is placed on traits such as conformity,
cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals
collectivist culture
this term refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment
affirmative action
what does affirmative action seek to do?
Affirmative action seeks to create equal opportunity actively, not passively
this term refers to rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.
Some ______ are and have been relatively uncontroversial
laws
a body of _____ is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct
ethics
this term is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession
code of professional ethics
this term refers to the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.
standard of care
these are formal testing programs
designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education
minimum competency testing programs
what is Gottfredson’s point about the reversal of achievement standards?
Gottfredson (2000) makes the point that those who advocate reversal of achievement standards obtain “nothing of lasting value by eliminating valid tests.” For her, lowering standards amounts to hindering progress “while providing only the illusion of progress.” Rather than reversing achievement standards, society is best served by action to reverse other trends with deleterious effects (such as trends in family structure).
this selection procedure selects fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds
quota system
this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions
discrimination
this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.
reverse discrimination
this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome
disparate treatment
this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion
practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome
disparate treatment
what is litigation?
litigation is the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature
JUST THINK:
Who should be privy to test data?
Who should be able to purchase psychological test
materials?
Who is qualified to administer,
score, and interpret psychological tests?
What level of expertise in psychometrics qualifies someone to administer which types of tests?
- the test taker and test administerer
- test administerers
- psychometricians and psychologist with licenses and certification
- i don’t know
what does the report called Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids talk about the levels of tests in terms of the degree to which the test’s use required knowledge of testing and psychology?
it contained three levels: A, B, and C
Level A: Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests).
Level B: Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test
construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (e.g., aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations).
Level C: Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (for instance, projective tests, individual mental tests).
JUST THINK:
Why is it essential for the terms psychological testing and psychological assessment to be defined and differentiated in state licensing
laws?
open-ended
JUST THINK:
Describe a scenario in which knowledge of the experimenter’s hypotheses would probably invalidate the data gathered.
it can be with a hypothesis like ours during experimental psych where we predicted that the presence of group consensus would significantly affect their performance.
a test-taker’s knowledge of our hypotheses would just invalidate the data due to how they would choose to not mind the group consensus because they know now that we put it there to impact their performance
this concept recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior,
and opinions
privacy right
JUST THINK:
Psychologists may be compelled by court order to reveal privileged communications.
What types of situations might result in such a court order?
maybe in cases that have premeditated murder involved?
what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?
confidentiality concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings
this test is one in which an individual is assumed to “project”
onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.
projective test
who made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
Lewis Terman
is the Frenchman who would collaborate with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes
Victor Henri
what are the four humours?
sanguine (extroverted)
choleric (angry and short-tempered)
melancholic (depressive)
phlegmatic (sluggish)
who had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science?
Christian von Wolff
Who is credited with originating the concept of test reliability and building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis?
Charles Spearman
