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Psychological Testing & Assessment > CH2 > Flashcards

CH2 Flashcards

1
Q

JUST THINK:
Among the most critical “diagnostic”
questions during the Middle Ages was “Who is in league with the Devil?”

What is one of the most critical diagnostic questions today?

A

open ended

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2
Q

who pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation

A

Francis Galton

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3
Q

who developed the product-moment correlation technique?

A

Karl Pearson

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4
Q

JUST THINK: Which orientation in assessment research appeals to you more, the Galtonian orientation
(researching how individuals differ) or the Wundtian (researching how individuals are the same)?
Why?

Do you think researchers arrive
at similar conclusions despite these two contrasting orientations?

A

open-ended

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5
Q

who is credited with coining the term “mental test”?

A

James McKeen Cattell

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6
Q

JUST THINK:

In the early 1900s, the Binet test was being used worldwide for various purposes far beyond identifying exceptional Paris school children.

What were some of the other uses of the test?

How appropriate do you think it was to use this test for these other purposes?

A

i think it was military screening during world war 1

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7
Q

who is the little-known founder of clinical psychology? and why?

A

Lightner Witmer because he treated a chronic bad speller

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8
Q

what instrument was the first widely used self-report measure of personality?

A

the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

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9
Q

this term refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

A

self-report

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10
Q

what were the shortcomings of the self-report method of personality assessment?

A

People might honestly believe some things about themselves that in reality are not true

Respondents may have poor insight into themselves

Some respondents are unwilling to reveal anything about themselves that is personal or that could show them in a negative light

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11
Q

JUST THINK:

Describe an ideal situation for obtaining personality-related information by means of self-report.

In what type of situation might it
be inadvisable to rely solely on an assessee’s self-report?

A

open ended? maybe career-wise it would be smart to take one

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12
Q

JUST THINK:

What potential problems do you think might attend the use of picture story-telling tests to assess personality?

A

open ended

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13
Q

this term refers to the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people

A

culture

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14
Q

JUST THINK:

Can you think of one way in which you are a product of your culture?

How about one way this fact might come through on a psychological test?

A

open ended

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15
Q

JUST THINK:

What safeguards must be firmly in place before meaningful psychological testing with immigrants can take place?

A

open ended

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16
Q

who researched about mental tests and immigrants and fueled the fire of an ongoing nature–nurture debate about what intelligence tests actually measure?

HE COINED THE TERM MORON

A

Henry H. Goddard

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17
Q

JUST THINK:

Try your hand at creating one culture-specific test item on any subject.

Test-takers from what
culture would probably succeed in responding correctly to the item?

Testtakers from what
culture would not?

A

open ended

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18
Q

what is the most basic part of an assessment?

A

communication between assessor and assessee

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19
Q

JUST THINK:

What might an assessor do to make sure that a prospective assessee’s language competence is sufficient to administer the test in that language to that assessee?

A

open ended

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20
Q

are messages conveyed by body language different from culture to culture? give an example

A

yes, an example of this would be when Americans take failure to make eye contact as being deceitful but in other cultures it is a sign of respect

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21
Q

JUST THINK:

Play the role of a therapist in the Freudian tradition and cite one example of a student’s or an instructor’s public behavior that you believe may be telling about that individual’s private motivation. No naming names!

A

HHAHAHAHHAHAHA YAWAAA

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22
Q

how was Freud influenced by where he lived?

A

since Freud lived in Victorian Vienna, a place where sex was not a subject for public discussion his sexual basis for thoughts and behaviors were a product of the sexually repressed culture he lived in

23
Q

JUST THINK:

What type of test is best suited for
administration to people who are “deep, brooding thinkers”?

How practical for group
administration would such tests be?

A

not sure yet

24
Q

this type of culture is characterized by
value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness

A

individualist culture

25
Q

in this type of culture, value is placed on traits such as conformity,
cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals

A

collectivist culture

26
Q

JUST THINK:

When considering tools of evaluation that purport to measure the trait of assertiveness, what are some culture-related considerations that should be kept in mind?

A

open ended not sure

27
Q

JUST THINK:

What might be a fair and equitable way to determine the minimum required height, if any, for police officers in your community?

A

not sure open ended

28
Q

JUST THINK:

What should be done if a test adequately assesses a skill required for a job but is discriminatory?

A

mmmmm pano bitaw yan noh open ended

29
Q

this term refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment

A

affirmative action

30
Q

what does affirmative action seek to do?

A

Affirmative action seeks to create equal opportunity actively, not passively

31
Q

JUST THINK:

What are your thoughts on the manipulation of test scores as a function of group membership
to advance certain social goals?

Should membership in a particular cultural group trigger an automatic increase (or decrease) in test scores?

A

open-ended!

32
Q

this term refers to rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.

Some ______ are and have been relatively uncontroversial

A

Laws

33
Q

a body of _____ is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct

A

ethics

34
Q

this term is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession

A

code of professional ethics

35
Q

this term refers to the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.

A

standard of care

36
Q

JUST THINK:

List five ethical guidelines that you think should govern the professional behavior of psychologists involved in psychological testing and assessment.

A

BRAH idk open ended

37
Q

these are formal testing programs
designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education

A

minimum competency testing programs

38
Q

JUST THINK:

How can government and the private
sector address problems related to gaps in skills between groups?

A

open ended but personally, im not sure

39
Q

what is Gottfredson’s point about the reversal of achievement standards?

A

Gottfredson (2000) makes the point that those who advocate reversal of achievement standards obtain “nothing of lasting value by eliminating valid tests.” For her, lowering standards amounts to hindering progress “while providing only the illusion of progress.” Rather than reversing achievement standards, society is best served by action to reverse other trends with deleterious effects (such as trends in family structure).

40
Q

this selection procedure selects fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds

A

quota system

41
Q

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for
positions

A

discrimination

42
Q

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

A

reverse discrimination

43
Q

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome

A

disparate treatment

44
Q

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion
practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome

A

disparate treatment

45
Q

what is litigation?

A

litigation is the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature

46
Q

JUST THINK:

Who should be privy to test data?

Who should be able to purchase psychological test
materials?

Who is qualified to administer,
score, and interpret psychological tests?

What level of expertise in psychometrics qualifies someone to administer which types of tests?

A
  1. the test taker and test administerer
  2. test administerers
  3. psychometricians and psychologist with licenses and certification
  4. i don’t know
47
Q

what does the report called Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids talk about the levels of tests in terms of the degree to which the test’s use required knowledge of testing and psychology?

A

it contained three levels: A, B, and C

Level A: Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests).

Level B: Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test
construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (e.g., aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations).

Level C: Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (for instance, projective tests, individual mental tests).

48
Q

JUST THINK:

Why is it essential for the terms psychological testing and psychological assessment to be defined and differentiated in state licensing
laws?

A

open-ended

49
Q

JUST THINK:

What differences in the test results may exist as a result of the same test being administered orally, online, or by means of a paper-and-pencil
examination?

What differences in the testtaker’s experience may exist as a function of test administration method?

A

open-ended.

  1. tests being administered orally cant take a lot longer than a paper and pencil examination

2,

50
Q

JUST THINK:

Describe a scenario in which knowledge of the experimenter’s hypotheses would probably invalidate the data gathered.

A

it can be with a hypothesis like ours during experimental psych where we predicted that the presence of group consensus would significantly affect their performance.

a test-taker’s knowledge of our hypotheses would just invalidate the data due to how they would choose to not mind the group consensus because they know now that we put it there to impact their performance

51
Q

this concept recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior,
and opinions

A

privacy right

52
Q

JUST THINK:

Psychologists may be compelled by court order to reveal privileged communications.

What types of situations might result in such a court order?

A

maybe in cases that have premeditated murder involved?

53
Q

what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?

A

confidentiality concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings

Psychological Testing & Assessment (3 decks)

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