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Biochem 1Bi2LE > Ch35 - DNA Organization, Replication, And Repair > Flashcards

Ch35 - DNA Organization, Replication, And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant chromatin proteins

A

Histones

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3
Q

Consists of very long double stranded (dsDNA) molecules, histones, nonhistone proteins, and RNA

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Characteristic of the 2/3 of histone molecules

A

Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Composed of DNA wound around an octameric complex of histone molecules

A

Nucleosome

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6
Q

4 major types of histones

A

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

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8
Q

They form a tertamer containing 2 molecules of each

A

H3 and H4

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10
Q

145 bp of DNA and 1.75 superhelical turns

A

Octamer

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11
Q

Rhe core histones are subject to 6 types of covalentmodification or posttranslational modifications

A

Acetylation, methylation, phosphorylaton, ADP-ribosylaton, monoubiquitylation, and sumoylation

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12
Q

Acetylation of histones H3 and H4

A

Activation or inactivation of gene transcription

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14
Q

Acetylation of core histones

A

Chromosomal assembly during DNA replication

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15
Q

Involved in DNA replication and repair, and the proteins involved in RNA synthesis, processing, and transport to the cytoplasm

A

Nonhistone proteins

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16
Q

Phosphorylation of histone H1

A

Condensation of chromosomes

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17
Q

Sumoylation

A

Transcription repression

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18
Q

Amino terminal thirds of histones

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

Can confer nucleosome-like properties on DNA and thus has a central in the formation of the nucleosome

A

H3-H4 tetramer

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20
Q

ADP-ribosylation of histones

A

DNA repair

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21
Q

Condenses DNA

A

Histones

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22
Q

Stabilizes the primary particle and binds firmly two additional half-turns of DNA

A

H2A - H2B dimers

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23
Q

Group of proteins that exhibit high affinity fot binding histones

A

Histone chaperones

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24
Q

Methylation of histones

A

Activation and repression of gene transcription

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25
Q

Physical flexibility of particular nucleotide sequences to accommodate the regions of kinking within the supercoil

A

Phasing

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26
Q

2 higher order structures that provide compaction of chromatins

A

10nm fivtil and 30nm chromatin fiber

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27
Q

Consists of nucleosome arranged with their edges separated by a small distance with their flat faces parallel to the fibril axis

A

10nm fibril

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28
Q

This is formed when 10nm fibril is supercoiled with six or seven nucleosomes per turn

A

30nm fibril

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29
Stabilizes the 30nm fiber
H1 histones
30
DNA in active chromatin contains large regions that are more sensitive to digestion by a nuclease such as...
DNase I
31
Shirter stretsches if 100-300 nucleotides that exhibit an even greater sensitivity to DNase I
Hypersensitive sites
32
Often located immediately upstream from the active gene and are the location of uninterrupted nucleosome structure caused by binding of nonhistone proteins
Hypersensitive sites
33
Densely packed during interphase
Inactive chromatin
34
Inactive chromatin
Heterochromatin
35
Active chromatin
Euchromatin
36
Type of heterochromatin that is always condensed and thus inactive
Constitutive heterochromatin
37
Type of heterochromatin that is at times dense, and other times actively transcribed
Facultative heterochromatin
38
In insects, chromosomes that have been replicated for multiple cycles wothout separation of daughter chromatids
Polytene chromosomes
39
Adenine-thymine-rich region containing repeated DNA sequences that range in size
Centromere
40
Nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant protein CENP-A
Kinetochore
41
Provides the anchor for mitotic spindle
Kinetochore
42
Ends of each chromosome
Telomeres
43
Consist of short TG-rich repeats
Telomeres
44
Enzyme responsible for telomere synthesis and thus in maintaining the length of the telomere
Telomerase
45
Proteins that constitute integral components of the inner nuclear membrane within the nucleus
Lamins
46
Noncoding regions
Introns
47
Coding regions
Exons
48
DNA in eukaryoric genome can be dicided into 2 broad sequence classes
Unique sequence (nonrepetitive) and repetitive-sequence DNA
49
Repititive seauences that are often clustered in centromeres and telomeres
Highly repetitive sequences
50
Repetitive sequences that are not clustered but are intessperesed with unique sequences
Moderately repetitive sequences
51
Arise from movement of one location to another (transposition) through an RNA intermediate by the action od reverse transcriptase that transcribes an RNA template into DNA
Retrospons
52
Integral components of mRNA precursors or as discrete RNA molecules
Alu family (SINEs)
53
Transposition events as the insertion of ALU sequences into a gene, when mutated can cause...
Neurofibromatosis
54
SINE RNA that rehulate mRNA productions at the levels of transcription and mRNA splicing
Alu B1 and B2
55
Found as dinucleotide repeats of AC on one strand and TG on the opposite strand
Microsatellite sequences
56
Used in detecting microsatellite sequences
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
57
Trinucleotide sequence CGG repeat sequence is associated with this disease
Fragile X syndrome
58
Insertions or deletions od purine and pyrimidine bases
Indels
59
Exchange between similar or homologous chromosomes of genetic information
Recombination
60
Occur primarily during meiosis in mammalian cells and requires realignment of homologous metaphase chromosomes
Recombination
61
Affects tandem arrays of repeated DNAs whether they are related globin genes or more abundant repetitive DNA
Unequal crossover
62
Jumping genes, can carry flanking regions of DNA
Jumping DNA
63
Consist of DNA sequences identical or nearly identical to those of the messenger RNA for the appropriate gene product
Processed genes
64
Processed genes confaining nonsense codons
Pseudogenes
65
Accidental fixation of one variant or another throughout a family of reoeated sequences and thereby homogenize the sequences of the members of repetitive DNA families
Gene conversion
66
There is an association of sequence-specific dsDNA-binding proteins with a series of direct repeat DNA sequences
Origin of replication
67
In E.coli, the oriC is bound by the protein...
dnaA
68
Origin of replication in yeast and is bound by the MCM protein complex
DNA unwinding element
69
Replication for consists of 4 components
DNA helicase, SSBs bind to ssDNA, primase, DNA polymerase
70
Binds to template DNA as a part of multiprotein complex that consists of several polymerase accessory factors
Dna poymerase III enzyme
71
Mobioe complex between helicase and primase
Primosome
72
Rate at which polymerization occurs
Chain elongation
73
Expression of the number of nucleotides added to the nascent chain before the polymerase disengages from the template
Processivity
74
Mostly involved in proofreading and DNA repair
Pol I and pol II
75
Inititation of DNA synthesis requires priming by a short lenght of RNA. In E.coli, this is catalyzed by...
dnaG primase
76
In eukaryotes, the initiation of DNA synthesis is catalyzed by...
DNA Pol a
77
This process involves nucleophilic attack by the 3'-hydroxyl group of the RNA primer on the phosphate of the first entering deoxynucleoside triphosphate
Priming
78
Seals the fragments of newly synthesized DNA
DNA ligase
79
Replication of the lagging strand
Semidiscontinous DNA synthesis
80
The entire mammalian genome replicates in approximately how many hours
9 hrs
81
In bacteria, Replication occurs in both direction along all of the chromosomes, and both strands are replicated simultaneously. This replication process generates...
Replication bubbles
82
In E.coli, separation of DNA strands is promoted by...
SSBs
83
In eukaryotes, separation of DNA strands is promoted by...
Replication protein A (RPA)
84
Protein complex that unwinds DNA in E.coli
DNAB protein complex
85
Unwinds eukaryotic DNA
Hexameric MCM complex
86
Nicking resealing enzymes
DNA topoisomerases
87
Capable of unwinding supercoiled DNA
Topoisomerases
88
Enzymes capable of synthesizing a single strand and then a dsDNA molecule from a single-stranded DNA template
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase
89
Core particles are separated by roughlt 30-bo region of DNA
Linker
90
Monoubiquitylation
Gene activation, repression, and heterochromatic gene silencing
91
Form dimers
H2A and H2B
95
Histone that is least tightly bound to chromatin. Easily removed with salt solution
H1 histones

Biochem 1Bi2LE (4 decks)

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