CH3 Psychosocial Theories & Therapies

Question 0

What are conscious, precocious unconscious, and subconscious thoughts?

Answer 0

1) Conscious - Thoughts and emotions in a person’s awareness.
2) Preconcious - Thought and emotions not currently in a person’s but he or she can recall them with some effort.
3) Unconscious - Thoughts and emotions that motivate a person that he or she is unaware of.
4) Thoughts and emotions in our precocious and unconscious level of awareness.

Question 1

Describe the Id, Super Ego and Ego.

Answer 1

1) Id - Reflects pleasure seeking behaviors, and has no regards for rules or social convention.
2) Super Ego - Opposite of Id. Reflects moral and ethical concepts, values and parental and social expectations.
3) Ego - Mediating force between the Id and the Super Ego. The Ego represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows a person to function successfully in the world.

Question 2

What are the 6 Psychosocial Theories covered in this book and which Psychoanalyst is credited for each?

Answer 2

1) Psychoanalytic - Sigmund Freud
2) Developmental - Jean Piaget
3) Interpersonal - Harry Stack Sullivan and Hildegard Peplau
4) Humanistic - Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
5) Behavioral - Ivan Pavlov and and B.F. Skinner
6) Existential - Aaron Bec, Albert Ellis, Viktor Frankl, Frederick “Fritz” Perls and William Glasser.

Question 3

What are the 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development according to Freud?

Answer 3

1) Oral (Birth to 18 months) - Id is present.Ego develops gradually.
2) Anal (18-36 months)
3) Phallic/Oedipal (3-5 years)
4) Latency (5-11 years) - Resolution of Oedipal complex; Sexual drive channeled into appropriate activities such as school work and sports. Super Ego forms.
5) Genital (11-13 years) - Puberty begins along with capacity for true intimacy.

Question 4

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development?

Answer 4

1) Trust Vs. Mistust (Infant) - Virtue: hope.
2) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler) - Virtue: will
3) Initiative Vs. Guilt (Preschool) - Virtue: Purpose
4) Industry Vs. Inferiority (School Age) - Virtue: Competence
5) Identity Vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) - Virtue: Fidelity
6) Intimacy Vs Isolation (Young Adult) - Virtue: Virtue: Love
7) Generativity Vs. Stagnation (Middle Adult) - Virtue: Care
8) Ego Integrity Vs. Despair (Maturity) - Virtue: Wisdom

Question 5

What were Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 5

1) Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) - Object permanence is learned
2) Preoperational (2 to 6 years) - Child learns language and symbolic gestures and how to classify objects.
3) Concrete Operations (6 to 12 years) - Child begins to apply logic to thinking.
4) Formal Operations (12 years and older) - Child learns abstract thinking and reaches cognitive maturity.

Question 6

What were the 5 Life Stages of Development identified by Sullivan?

Answer 6

1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Juvenile
4) Preadolescence
5) Adolescence

Question 7

What are the Developmental Cognitive Modes developed by Sullivan?

Answer 7

1) Prototaxic - (Infancy and Childhood)
2) Parataxic - (Early childhood)
3) Syntaxic - (School aged children and Preadolescence)

Question 8

What does the term Participant Observer (coined by Sullivan) mean?

Answer 8

Participant Observer - The therapist’s role, meaning that the therapist both participates in and observes the progress of the relationship.

Question 9

What are the 4 phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship concept developed by Hildegard Peplau?

Answer 9

1) Orientation Phase - Directed by the nurse and involves engaging the client in Tx, providing explanations and information, and answering questions.
2) Identification Phase - Begins when the client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger.
3) Exploitation Phase - The client makes full use of services offered.
4) Resolution Phase - The client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends.

Question 10

What are the 6 Roles of the nurse in the Nurse-Patient relationship as identified by Peplau?

Answer 10

1) Stranger - Offering the client the same acceptance and courtesy that the nurse would to any other stranger.
2) Resource Person - Providing specific answers to questions within a larger context.
3) Teacher - Helping the client t learn formally or informally.
4) Leader - Offering direction to the client or group.
5) Surrogate - Serving as a substitute for another such as parent or sibling.
6) Counselor - Promoting experiences leading to health for the client such as expression of feelings.

Question 11

What are the 4 levels of anxiety as identified by Peplau?

Answer 11

1) Mild - A positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems.
2) Moderate - Involves a ⬇ perceptual field. the person can learn new behavior and solve problems only with assistance.
3) Severe - Involves feelings of dread and terror. the person cannot be redirected to a task. SxS include tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pains (lookalike a heart attack).
4) Panic - Involves Los of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness. The person may bolt and run aimlessly.

Question 12

Describe the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs.

Answer 12

5) Self Actualization - The need for beauty, truth and justice
4) Esteem - The need for self respect and esteem from others.
3) Love and Belonging - The need for intimacy, friendship and belonging.
2) Safety and Security - The need for protection and freedom from harm or threat.
1) Physiological - The need for water, food, sleep, shelter, sexual expression, and freedom from pain.

Question 13

What are the 4 stages of a Crisis?

Answer 13

1) Exposure to stressor
2) ⬆ Anxiety when usual coping is ineffective
3) ⬆mEfforts to cope
4) Disequilibrium and significant distress

Question 14

What are the 3 categories of Crisis?

Answer 14

1) Maturational - Predictable i.e., marriage and baby
2) Situational - Unanticipated and sudden i.e., death, job loss, and illness.
3) Adventitious - Social crises i.e., natural disasters and violent crimes.

Question 16

Which 3 factors influence whether or not a person experiences a crisis?

Answer 16

1) The individual’s perception of the event
2) The availability of emotional support
3) The availability of adequate coping mechanisms

Question 17

Briefly describe the following age Defense Mechanisms:

1) Compensation
2) Conversion
3) Denial
4) Displacement
5) Dissociation

Answer 17

1) Compensation - Overachievement in one area to offset deficiencies in another area.
2) Conversion - Expression of an emotional conflict through the development of a physical symptom.
3) Denial - Failure to admit the reality of a situation.
4) Displacement - Ventilation of feelings towards persons less threatening than the one who aroused the feelings.
5) Dissociation - Dealing with emotional conflict by temporary alteration in consciousness or identity. I.e., not being able to remember childhood sexual abuse.

Question 18

Briefly describe the following age Defense Mechanisms:

1) Fixation
2) Identification
3) Intellectualization
4) Introjection
5) Projection

Answer 18

1) Fixation - Immobilization of part of the personality as a result of not completing a developmental stage. I.e., inability to delay gratification.
2) Identification - Modeling the actions and identity of influential others
3) Intellectualization - Separation of emotions of a painful event from the facts. I.e., patient shows no emotions when talking about spouse’s death.
4) Introjection - Accepting another’s values, beliefs and and attitudes as your own.
5) Projection - Blaming of unacceptable inclinations or or thoughs on an external object.

Question 19

Briefly describe the following age Defense Mechanisms:

1) Rationalization
2) Reaction Formation
3) Regression
4) Repression
5) Resistance

Answer 19

1) Rationalization - Excusing one’s own behavior to avoid guilt r responsibility.
2) Reaction Formation - Acting the opposite of what one thinks or feels.
3) Regression - Moving back to a previous developmental stage.
4) Repression - Excluding emotionally painful thoughts and feeling from conscious awareness.
5) Resistance - Overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing anxiety-producing information. I.e., nurse is too busy with tasks to spend time talking to a dying patient.

Question 20

Briefly describe the following age Defense Mechanisms:

1) Sublimation
2) Substitution
3) Suppression
4) Undoing

Answer 20

1) Sublimation - Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is unacceptable.
2) Substitution - Replacing the desired gratification with one that is more readily available.
3) Suppression - Conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness.
4) Undoing - Exhibiting acceptable behavior to make up for or negate unacceptable behavior.

Question 21

What are the 5 different types of therapies that fall under Existential Theories, who is credited for each and what is the basis each therapy?

Answer 21

1) Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck) - Focuses on immediate thought processing, how a person perceives or interprets their experience and determines how they feel and behave.
2) Rational Emotive Therapy (Albert Ellis) - Identified “11 irrational beliefs” leading to unhappiness, “Automatic Thoughts” that lead to unhappiness and the ABC technique to identify these automatic thoughts.
3) Logotherapy (Viktor Frankl) - Search for meaning (logos) is key to survival.
4) Gestalt Therapy (Frederick “Fritz” Perls) - Emphasizes identifying the Preston’s feelings in the here and now.
5) Reality Therapy (William Glasser) - Focus on a Preston’s behavior and how that behavior keeps the person from achieving life goals.