Ch.3 Phonology

Question 1

Allophones of the Phoneme

Answer 1

Phones which function as alternant realisations of the same phoneme

Question 2

Aspiration

Answer 2

it is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents
voiceless stops like [p],[t],[k]

Question 3

Clear 1

Answer 3

only occurs before vowels or [j] and never occurs before consonants or word finally

Question 4

Coda

Answer 4

(also known as auslaut) comprises the consonant sounds of a syllable that follow the nucleus

Question 5

Constituents

Answer 5

a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure

Question 6

Cognates

Answer 6

words that have a common etymological origin. Cognates are often inherited from a shared parent language, but they may also involve borrowing from some other language

Question 7

Complementary Distribution

Answer 7

is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other is found in non-interesting set of environments

Question 8

Distribution

Answer 8

based on augmentation is based distribution of [ɹ] and [ɹ ̥] in English words

Question 9

Final Devoicing

Answer 9

a voiced phoneme has a voiceless allophone in word-final position

Question 10

Flapping

Answer 10

also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or t-voicing, is a phonological process found in many varieties of English

Question 11

Free Variation

Answer 11

interchangeable relationship between two phones, in which the phones may substitute for one another in the same environment without causing a change in meaning
*it may occur in between allophones and phonemes

Question 12

Onset

Answer 12

part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of the syllable
Ex: Syllables divided into onsets and rhymes

Question 13

Maximal Onset Principle

Answer 13

principle determining underlying syllable division

Question 14

Monothongs

Answer 14

is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation

Question 15

Phone

Answer 15

any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words

Question 16

Spectogram

Answer 16

a graphic representation of the components(harmonics or formants) of a sound as they vary in frequency and intensity over time

Question 17

Sonority

Answer 17

A nonbinary phonological feature categorizing sounds into a relative scale

Question 18

Syllabic Consonants

Answer 18

a consonant that forms a syllable in its own, like the m,n, l in the English words rhythm, button, and bottle or it is in the nucleus of a syllable, like the r pronunciation

Question 19

Released

Answer 19

release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant

Question 20

Unreleased

Answer 20

the plosive at the end of a syllable has no release phase.

Question 21

Vowel Epenthesis

Answer 21

the need to make consonant contrasts more distinct

Question 22

Syllabification

Answer 22

the division of words into syllable, whether spoken or written

Question 23

Velarised

Answer 23

Realisation of /l/, also termed as dark 1

Question 24

Sonority Sequencing Principle

Answer 24

is a phonotactic principle that aims to outline the structure of a syllable in terms of sonority

Question 25

Narrow Transcription

Answer 25

the visual representations of speech sounds by means of symbols