Ch.3 Part.2 Flashcards
What is passive diffusion?
-No energy required
-down the concentration gradient
-diffusion
what is diffusion?
-moves down their electrochemical gradient through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
-only small molecules or lipid-soluble
what is facilitated diffusion?
-needs a nonspecific channel protein
-need an integral protein to “facilitate” movement
what is osmosis?
water molecules move down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane
what are the principle of Passive diffusion?
1.) diffusion
2.) nonspecific facilitated diffusion
3.) specific facilitated diffusion
4.) osmosis
what is a solvent
water
what is a solute
dissolved chemical
how does osmosis flow?
flows from the region of highest concentration to lowest
what is isotonic
equal
what is hypertonic
the solution has more solute
what is hypotonic
the solution has less solute
cells are typically what
hypertonic to their environment
in osmosis, cells are typically what
hypertonic to their environment
what does active transport use
utilizes a transmembrane protein (ATPase) to allow a molecule to gO AGAINST the concentration gradient
what are the 3 types of active transport?
Uniport
symport
antiport
what is group translocation (in active transport)?
the molecules being transported across the membrane are chemically altered during transport
what is group translocation common with?
sugars: glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (CH2OPO4)
what is active transport?
ATP-dependent carrier proteins bring substances into cell
what is a cytosol
-liquid and dissolved substances; mostly water
-site of a chemical reaction within the cell
what is inclusion
-not membrane-bound
-storage-can contain deposits (minerals, sugars, etc)
-can be diagnostic
what is a cytoskeleton
-composed of 3-4 types of protein fibers
-many roles within the cell: cell division, shape, segregate DNA molecules, movement
describe ribosomes
-70S
-composed of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-no membrane
-site of protein synthesis
what is an endospore
unique structure produced by some bacteria (bacillus and clostridium)
-defense against unfavorable conditions
-state of suspended animation
-resistant to heat, drying, radiation, chemicals
-major problem for food processing, healthcare and government
Describe the domain archaea
-prokaryote
-very diverse group
-resemble bacteria in many ways
-grow in extreme environments (extremophile)
-hard to grow in a lab environment
-none are known to cause disease
describe glycocalyx in archaea
peptide or polysaccharide
describe flagella in archaea
-present in some, 10-14nmin diameter, grow at base, rotate both counterclockwise and clockwise as bundles
describe fimbriae in archaea
attachment and formation in biofilms
describe pili in archaea
not discovered
describe Hami in archaea
present in some, used for attachment
describe cell walls in archaea
composed of polysaccharides or proteins
describe cytoplasmic membrane in archaea
present in all. membrane lipids made with either linkage, some have a single lipid layer
describe cytoplasm in archaea
cytosol contains circular DNA molecules and 70S ribosomes; ribosomal proteins similar to eukaryotic ribosomal proteins
what are eukaryotic microorganisms?
-protozoa
-fungi
-algae
describe the ribosomes in eukarya
ribosomes (80S)
-larger than bacterial/ archaeal
-60S large subunit and 40S small subunit
-responsible for protein synthesis
describe the mitochondria (domain eukarya)
-powerhouse of the cell (ATP)
-two phospholipid membranes
describe the chloroplasts (domain eukarya)
-only in photosynthetic cells
-harvest light to produce ATP
what is the endosymbiont theory?
eukaryotes arise from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes
