Ch.3 Cell Structure and Function Part 1

Question 1

How do we define a living organism?

Answer 1

1.) growth-increase in size
2.) Reproduce-increase in number
3.) Responsiveness- respond to their environment
4.)Metabolism- controlled chemical reactions

Question 2

Does an organism have to exhibit all 4 characteristics at the same time?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Where do all four characteristics occur in microbes

Answer 3

Bacteria, archaea, and Eukaryotes

Question 4

what are the characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 4

-nucleoid (not a true nucleus)
-no true organelles
-simple structures
-exceptions exist
-can read genetic code and make proteins at the SAME time
includes: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 5

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes

Answer 5

-nucleus with nuclear envelop
-membrane-bound organelles
-larger than prokaryotes
include: Eukarya

Question 6

Eukaryotes size

Answer 6

10-100um

Question 7

prokaryotes size

Answer 7

smaller than 1um

Question 8

what is a glycocalyx

Answer 8

external structure, gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding bacterial cell

Question 9

what is glycocalyx composed of

Answer 9

Polysaccharides and/or polypeptides

Question 10

what is the function

Answer 10

protection from desiccation (drying out)

Question 11

what are the 2 types of glycocalyx

Answer 11

1.) capusle (help prevent bacteria from being recognized by the host-pathogenicity)
2.) slime layer (helps attach to surfice and is loosely atatched)

Question 12

describe the flagella

Answer 12

-provide motility within environment
-structure is a filament (hollow and composed of flagellin)

Question 13

how many types of bacterial flagella?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

flagella continued describe the structure

Answer 14

-powered by protons
-rotates 360 degrees
run-counterclockwise
tumble-clockwise

Question 15

what is chemotaxis

Answer 15

movement toward or away from a stimulus

Question 16

living cells must respond to what

Answer 16

the environment

Question 17

what does atrichous mean

Answer 17

no flagella

Question 18

what does peritrichous mean

Answer 18

all over

Question 19

what does monotrichous mean

Answer 19

polar (one flagella at one end)

Question 20

what does lophotrichous mean

Answer 20

tuft at one end

Question 21

what is a spirochete

Answer 21

corkscrew and moves forward

Question 22

what is an axial filament

Answer 22

rotates around the cell

Question 23

what is a fimbriae

Answer 23

-shorter than flagella
-attaches to surfaces
-biofilms
-movement

Question 24

what is pili

Answer 24

-longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
-used to transfer DNA during conjugation

Question 25

what is a biofilm

Answer 25

slime matter -organized, layered system of bacteria and other microbes attached to a surface

Question 26

why live in a biofilm?

Answer 26

-communicate via chemical and electrical signals -formation of different structures -protection from toxic compounds and antibodies

Question 27

what is the cell wall charactersitics of domain bacteria

Answer 27

-provide structure -provide shape -protect from osmotic forces -attachment to other cells -resist antibiotics -composed of peptidoglycan

Question 28

what is cocci

Answer 28

spheres

Question 29

what is bacilli

Answer 29

rods

Question 30

what is spirillum

Answer 30

spirals

Question 31

what are the arrangements for domain bacteria external, structures

Answer 31

Di/Diplo-pairs Strepto-chains staphylo-clusters

Question 32

what is the Domain bacteria cell wall composed of

Answer 32

peptidoglycan

Question 33

peptido

Answer 33

NAG-NAM chains connected by a tetra peptide

Question 34

glycan

Answer 34

complex polysaccharide composed of alternating sugars NAG and NAM

Question 35

what does the tetra peptide chain link to

Answer 35

NAG and NAM

Question 36

Define gram-positive

Answer 36

Thick layer of peptidoglycan Embedded with teichoic acid -negatively charged molecule -help anchor peptidoglycan to membrane Can contain mycotic acid -helps prevent desiccation -must use acid fast stain ex: TB and leprosy

Question 37

Define gram-negative

Answer 37

2nd phospholipid bilayer -protect against antibiotics -porins -lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -Lipid A: endotoxins -when released can cause shock, inflammation, blood clots Periplasmic space -contains enzymes, nutrients, etc -think layer of peptidoglycan -is pink/red after gram-staining

Question 38

in the cytoplasmic membrane describe the head and tail of a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 38

Head: hydrophilic (Outside) Tail: Hydrophobic (inside)

Question 39

what is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 39

produces energy -energy storage -harvest energy (phtosythesis) -Selectively permeable

Question 40

what are the 2 types of movement in the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 40

Passive and active

Question 41

what is passive movement

Answer 41

-diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis

Question 42

what is active movement

Answer 42

-active transport -group translocation