Ch.1 History of Microbiology

Question 1

What is Aristotle’s original theory?

Answer 1

Living things can arise from nonliving things

Question 2

What did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek do?

Answer 2

-created simple microscopes
-was the first to visualize tiny organisms (animalcules)

Question 3

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Answer 3

-disproved spontaneous generation
-developed Koch’s postulate for identifying disease origins
-identifies microbes as distinct species
-created bacterial transfer techniques

Question 4

6 major microorganism categories?

Answer 4

-Bacteria
-Archaea
-protozoa
-Fungi
-Algae
-Parasites

Question 5

Who proposed the theory of spontaneous generation?

Answer 5

Aristotle

Question 6

Redis Experiment

Answer 6

maggots came from the flys and it made scientists doubt the theory of spontaneous generation

Question 7

Needham

Answer 7

spontaneous generation

Question 8

Spallanzani

Answer 8

No spontaneous generation b/c he corked it and they couldn’t breathe

Question 9

Louis Pasteur experiments

Answer 9

Used the swan-necked flasks
-No stopper is required and with the curved neck, air could still enter the flask

Question 10

Two experiments Pasteur performed

Answer 10

Boiled his broth
1.) flask upright= no growth
2.)Flask tilted/broke= growth

Question 11

what did Pasteur conclude

Answer 11

Microbes do not spontaneously generate

Question 12

scientific method

Answer 12

-results can prove or disprove a hypothesis
-accepted hypothesis can become a theory or law

Question 13

Pasteurization

Answer 13

Heating a liquid enough to kill MOST of the bacteria/microbes

Question 14

where does fermentation come from?

Answer 14

microbe- yeast & spoiling of wine comes from a diff microbe bacteria

Question 15

What did Louis Pasteur debunk

Answer 15

-Theory of spontaneous generation
-Developed the Germ Theory of disease (microbes are the causative agent of disease)

Question 16

etiology

Answer 16

study of causative agents that cause disease

Question 17

What did Robert Koch help develop

Answer 17

-simple staining procedures
-first micrographs of bacteria
-estimating the amount of bacteria/mL
-steam to sterilize media
-use of petri dishes
-bacterial transfer techniques
-bacteria as distinct species

Question 18

what is Koch’s postulates?

Answer 18

-Microbe must be present in Many cases.
-Isolate the microbe in In a pure culture.
-Introduce the microbe and see the Illness in a healthy host.
-Re-isolate the microbe from the newly infected host.

Question 19

what are the limitations of Koch’s postulates

Answer 19

ethics, and not all bacteria can be cultured

Question 20

Hans Christian Gram

Answer 20

Gram stain

Question 21

Nosocomial

Answer 21

hospital infections

Question 22

what is the modern principle of hygiene

Answer 22

-proper disposal of sewage
-pest control
-personal cleanliness

Question 23

What did Semmelewis discover

Answer 23

noticed mothers giving birth in hospitals died of “childbed fever” aka puerperal fever, than those at home

Question 24

Semmelewis and handwashing

Answer 24

-discovered that doctors did not always wash their hands after handling cadavers
-instituted handwashing in chlorinated lime water
-mortality dropped

Question 25

What is Lister's antiseptic technique?

Answer 25

concerned with wound infections -spray area with phenol -reduced death rate -founded antiseptic surgery

Question 26

Who is Florence Nightingale

Answer 26

-The first nurse, set the standards for hygiene -removed clothes or dirty bandages to be cleaned away from the ward -proper nutrition and sanitary required for healing

Question 27

Who is John Snow

Answer 27

-Helped set the standard for hygiene to prevent the spread of infectious disease -tracked a cholera outbreak in London to a single water pump -showed the necessity of clean water and appropriate sewage treatment

Question 28

What is Jenners vaccine

Answer 28

-Noticed milkmaids who contracted cowpox usually did not die from smallpox -created the first "vaccine" by using pus from a smallpox patient and inoculating a healthy patient -Pasteur later expanded on jenners work to produce vaccines similar to what is used today

Question 29

what did Jenner use

Answer 29

weak strains of the pathogen

Question 30

what is a pathogen

Answer 30

causative agent of disease

Question 31

what is ehrlich magic bullet

Answer 31

chemicals can kill microbes arsenic as a treatment for syphilis credited with the idea of modern chemotherapy

Question 32

what are the 6 major categories of microbes

Answer 32

Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, parasites

Question 33

Classify Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 33

-unicellular, lack nuclei, prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes -ubiquitous -reproduce asexually

Question 34

Domain Bacteria vs Archaea

Answer 34

-bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan -archaeal cell walls do not

Question 35

classify Fungi

Answer 35

-eukaryotic -obtain food from other organisms cell wall includes: molds, multicellular, reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

Question 36

classify Protozoa

Answer 36

-eukaryotes , single cells, similar to animals-nutrients/cell structures, free living or in animal host, asexual reproduction some sexual reproduction

Question 37

what is the locomotion of protozoa

Answer 37

-cilia -pseudopods -flagella

Question 38

Classify algae

Answer 38

-eukaryotes -single-cells or multicellular -simple reproductive structures -categorized based on pigmentation and cell wall composition

Question 39

Classify parasites (worms)

Answer 39

-eukaryotes -vary in size

Question 40

classify viruses

Answer 40

Do not belong to either prokaryotes or eukaryotes, acellular, too small to be seen with a normal light microscope, can infect any organism

Question 41

Theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 41

living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

Question 42

germ theory

Answer 42

microbes are the causative agent of disease (theory)

Question 43

emerging disease

Answer 43

disease emerging in the last 2 decades or newly recognized