Ch.1 History of Microbiology Flashcards
What is Aristotle’s original theory?
Living things can arise from nonliving things
What did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek do?
-created simple microscopes
-was the first to visualize tiny organisms (animalcules)
What did Louis Pasteur do?
-disproved spontaneous generation
-developed Koch’s postulate for identifying disease origins
-identifies microbes as distinct species
-created bacterial transfer techniques
6 major microorganism categories?
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-protozoa
-Fungi
-Algae
-Parasites
Who proposed the theory of spontaneous generation?
Aristotle
Redis Experiment
maggots came from the flys and it made scientists doubt the theory of spontaneous generation
Needham
spontaneous generation
Spallanzani
No spontaneous generation b/c he corked it and they couldn’t breathe
Louis Pasteur experiments
Used the swan-necked flasks
-No stopper is required and with the curved neck, air could still enter the flask
Two experiments Pasteur performed
Boiled his broth
1.) flask upright= no growth
2.)Flask tilted/broke= growth
what did Pasteur conclude
Microbes do not spontaneously generate
scientific method
-results can prove or disprove a hypothesis
-accepted hypothesis can become a theory or law
Pasteurization
Heating a liquid enough to kill MOST of the bacteria/microbes
where does fermentation come from?
microbe- yeast & spoiling of wine comes from a diff microbe bacteria
What did Louis Pasteur debunk
-Theory of spontaneous generation
-Developed the Germ Theory of disease (microbes are the causative agent of disease)
etiology
study of causative agents that cause disease
What did Robert Koch help develop
-simple staining procedures
-first micrographs of bacteria
-estimating the amount of bacteria/mL
-steam to sterilize media
-use of petri dishes
-bacterial transfer techniques
-bacteria as distinct species
what is Koch’s postulates?
-Microbe must be present in Many cases.
-Isolate the microbe in In a pure culture.
-Introduce the microbe and see the Illness in a healthy host.
-Re-isolate the microbe from the newly infected host.
what are the limitations of Koch’s postulates
ethics, and not all bacteria can be cultured
Hans Christian Gram
Gram stain
Nosocomial
hospital infections
what is the modern principle of hygiene
-proper disposal of sewage
-pest control
-personal cleanliness
What did Semmelewis discover
noticed mothers giving birth in hospitals died of “childbed fever” aka puerperal fever, than those at home
Semmelewis and handwashing
-discovered that doctors did not always wash their hands after handling cadavers
-instituted handwashing in chlorinated lime water
-mortality dropped
What is Lister’s antiseptic technique?
concerned with wound infections
-spray area with phenol
-reduced death rate
-founded antiseptic surgery
Who is Florence Nightingale
-The first nurse, set the standards for hygiene
-removed clothes or dirty bandages to be cleaned away from the ward
-proper nutrition and sanitary required for healing
Who is John Snow
-Helped set the standard for hygiene to prevent the spread of infectious disease
-tracked a cholera outbreak in London to a single water pump
-showed the necessity of clean water and appropriate sewage treatment
What is Jenners vaccine
-Noticed milkmaids who contracted cowpox usually did not die from smallpox
-created the first “vaccine” by using pus from a smallpox patient and inoculating a healthy patient
-Pasteur later expanded on jenners work to produce vaccines similar to what is used today
what did Jenner use
weak strains of the pathogen
what is a pathogen
causative agent of disease
what is ehrlich magic bullet
chemicals can kill microbes
arsenic as a treatment for syphilis
credited with the idea of modern chemotherapy
what are the 6 major categories of microbes
Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, parasites
Classify Bacteria and Archaea
-unicellular, lack nuclei, prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes
-ubiquitous
-reproduce asexually
Domain Bacteria vs Archaea
-bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan
-archaeal cell walls do not
classify Fungi
-eukaryotic
-obtain food from other organisms
cell wall includes: molds, multicellular, reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
classify Protozoa
-eukaryotes , single cells, similar to animals-nutrients/cell structures, free living or in animal host, asexual reproduction some sexual reproduction
what is the locomotion of protozoa
-cilia
-pseudopods
-flagella
Classify algae
-eukaryotes
-single-cells or multicellular
-simple reproductive structures
-categorized based on pigmentation and cell wall composition
Classify parasites (worms)
-eukaryotes
-vary in size
classify viruses
Do not belong to either prokaryotes or eukaryotes, acellular, too small to be seen with a normal light microscope, can infect any organism
Theory of spontaneous generation
living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
germ theory
microbes are the causative agent of disease (theory)
emerging disease
disease emerging in the last 2 decades or newly recognized
