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Anatomy Openstax > Ch3 Cellular Level of Organism > Flashcards

Ch3 Cellular Level of Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Transport across the cell membrane that requires energy

A

Active Transport

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2
Q

Active Transport

A

Across the cell membrane that requires energy

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3
Q

Molecule that has a difference in polarity between its two ends resulting in water solubility

A

Amphipathic

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4
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecule that has a difference in polarity between its two ends resulting in water solubility

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5
Q

3rd Stage of Mitosis/Meiosis where sister chromatids separate into two nuclear regions of a dividing cell

A

Anaphase

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6
Q

Anaphase

A

3rd Stage of Mitosis/Meiosis where sister chromatids separate into two nuclear regions of a dividing cell

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7
Q

Sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

A

anticodon

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8
Q

anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

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9
Q

Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

A

Autolysis

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10
Q

Autolysis

A

Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

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11
Q

Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

A

Autophagy

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12
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

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13
Q

Cell cycle

A

Life cycle of a single cell from birth until division into daughter cells

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14
Q

Life cycle of a single cell from birth until division

A

Cell cycle

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15
Q

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules, also known as plasma membrane

A

Cell Membrane

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16
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules, also known as plasma membrane

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17
Q

Another term for cell membrane

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

Another term for plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

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19
Q

Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

A

Centriole

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20
Q

Centriole

A

Small self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

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21
Q

Centromere

A

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

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22
Q

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

A

Centromere

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23
Q

Centrosome

A

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

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24
Q

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

A

Centrosome

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25
Q

Channel protein

A

membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

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26
Q

Membrane spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

A

Channel protein

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27
Q

Checkpoint

A

Progress point int eh cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

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28
Q

Progress point in the cell cycle during which conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequent phase

A

Checkpoint

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29
Q

Chromatin

A

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

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30
Q

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

A

Chromatin

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31
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed version of chromatin, a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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32
Q

Condensed version of chromatin, a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

A

Chromosome

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33
Q

Cilia

A

Small appendage formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cell surface

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34
Q

Small appendage formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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35
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

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36
Q

Contractile ring that forms across a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

A

Cleavage furrow

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37
Q

Codon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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38
Q

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

Codon

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39
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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40
Q

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

A

Concentration Gradient

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41
Q

Cyclin

A

One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

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42
Q

One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

A

Cyclin

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43
Q

CDK Stands for

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinase

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44
Q

Ctyokinesis

A

Final stage in cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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45
Q

Final stage in cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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46
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus, organelles and materials exist

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47
Q

Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus, organelles and materials exist

A

Cytoplasm

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48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Rod proteins that support the cell’s shape

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49
Q

Rod proteins that support the cell’s shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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50
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid medium in the cytoplasm, mostly water

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51
Q

Fluid medium in the cytoplasm, mostly water

A

Cytosol

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52
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of higher conc. to lower

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53
Q

Movement of a substance from an area of higher conc. to lower

A

Diffusion

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54
Q

Diploid

A

Condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material

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55
Q

Condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material

A

Diploid

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56
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during replication

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57
Q

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during replication

A

DNA polymerase

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58
Q

DNA replication

A

Duplicating a molecule of DNA

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59
Q

Duplicating a molecule of DNA

A

DNA replication

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60
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

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61
Q

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

A

Electrical gradient

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62
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

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63
Q

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

A

Endocytosis

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64
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which might be associated with ribosomes

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65
Q

Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which might be associated with ribosomes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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66
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

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67
Q

Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

A

Exocytosis

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68
Q

Exon

A

One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

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69
Q

One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

A

Exon

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70
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs

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71
Q

Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs

A

Extracellular Fluid

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72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion of a substance with help from membrane protein

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73
Q

Diffusion of a substance with help from membrane protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

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74
Q

Flagellum

A

Appendage on cells formed by microtubules, modified for movement

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75
Q

Appendage on cells formed by microtubules, modified for movement

A

Flagellum

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76
Q

G0 Phase

A

Cell cycle phase, from G1 phase, long period where the cell does not move forward into DNA synthesis

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77
Q

Cell cycle phase, from G1 phase, long period where the cell does not move forward into DNA synthesis

A

G0 Phase

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78
Q

G1 Phase

A

Phase after new cell is born

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79
Q

Phase after new cell is born

A

G1 Phase

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80
Q

G2 Phase

A

3rd phase in cell cycle after DNA synthesis

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81
Q

3rd phase in cell cycle after DNA synthesis

A

G2 Phase

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82
Q

Gene

A

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

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83
Q

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

A

Gene

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84
Q

Gene expression

A

Active interpretation of the info coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

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85
Q

Active interpretation of the info coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

A

Gene expression

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86
Q

Genome

A

Entire complement of an organisms DNA found within almost every cell

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87
Q

Entire complement of an organisms DNA found within almost every cell

A

Genome

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88
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds cell membrane

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89
Q

Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds cell membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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90
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

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91
Q

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

A

Glycoprotein

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92
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened sacs that functions in protein modification, packaging, transport

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93
Q

Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened sacs that functions in protein modification, packaging, transport

A

Golgi Apparatus

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94
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

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95
Q

Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

A

Helicase

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96
Q

Histone

A

Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form each parent

97
Q

Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form each parent

98
Q

Homologous

A

2 copies of the same chromosome, one inherited from each parent

99
Q

2 copies of the same chromosome, one inherited from each parent

A

Homologous

100
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substance attracted to water

101
Q

Substance attracted to water

A

Hydrophilic

102
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substance repelled by water

103
Q

Substance repelled by water

A

Hydrophobic

104
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution with higher concentration than reference

105
Q

Solution with higher concentration than reference

A

Hypertonic

106
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution with lower concentration than reference

107
Q

Solution with lower concentration than reference

108
Q

Integral protein

A

Membrane associated protein that spans the entire width of a lipid bilayer

109
Q

Membrane associated protein that spans the entire width of a lipid bilayer

A

Integral protein

110
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, resists cellular tension

111
Q

Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, resists cellular tension

A

Intermediate Filament

112
Q

Interphase

A

Entire lifecycle of cell, excluding mitosis

113
Q

Entire lifecycle of cell, excluding mitosis

A

Interphase

114
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid in spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

115
Q

Fluid in spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

A

Interstitial fluid

116
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid in cytosol of cells

117
Q

Fluid in cytosol of cells

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

118
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding regions of a pre-mrna transcript that may be removed during splicing

119
Q

Non-coding regions of a pre-mrna transcript that may be removed during splicing

120
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

121
Q

Solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

122
Q

Kinetochore

A

Region of centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

123
Q

Region of centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

A

Kinetochore

124
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

125
Q

Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

126
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane bound cellular organelle from the Golgi apparatus, contains digestive enzymes

127
Q

Membrane bound cellular organelle from the Golgi apparatus, contains digestive enzymes

128
Q

mRNA

A

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

129
Q

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

130
Q

Metaphase

A

2nd stage of mitosis/meiosis - linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

131
Q

2nd stage of mitosis/meiosis - linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

132
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

133
Q

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

134
Q

Microfilament

A

Thin cytoskeletal filaments, composed of actin that function in muscle contraction and structural support

135
Q

Thin cytoskeletal filaments, composed of actin that function in muscle contraction and structural support

A

Microfilament

136
Q

Microtubule

A

Thick cytoskeletal filament, function in cell movement and structure support

137
Q

Thick cytoskeletal filament, function in cell movement and structure support

A

Microtubule

138
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produces ATP

139
Q

Produces ATP

A

Mitochondrion

140
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material, , cell nucleus breaks into two

141
Q

Division of genetic material, , cell nucleus breaks into two

142
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Network of microtubules that pulls apart and arranges chromosomes

143
Q

Network of microtubules that pulls apart and arranges chromosomes

A

Mitotic spindle

144
Q

Multipotent

A

Differentiate different cells within a lineage

145
Q

Differentiate different cells within a lineage

A

Multipotent

146
Q

Mutation

A

Change in nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s dna

147
Q

Change in nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s dna

148
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Membrane that surrounds nucleus, consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

149
Q

Membrane that surrounds nucleus, consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

A

Nuclear Envelope

150
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Small protein lined opening throughout the nuclear envelope

151
Q

Small protein lined opening throughout the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pore

152
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome symthesis

153
Q

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome symthesis

154
Q

Nucleosome

A

Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around proteins

155
Q

Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around proteins

A

Nucleosome

156
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell’s central organelle that contains cell’s dna

157
Q

Cell’s central organelle that contains cell’s dna

158
Q

Oligopotent

A

Condition of being specialized, differentiated

159
Q

Condition of being specialized, differentiated

A

Oligopotent

160
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions for the cell

161
Q

Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions for the cell

162
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water down their conc. gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

163
Q

Diffusion of water down their conc. gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

164
Q

Passive transport

A

Transport across cell membrane that does not require input of cell energy

165
Q

Transport across cell membrane that does not require input of cell energy

A

Passive Transport

166
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Protein that does not span the width of lipid bilayer, attached to integral proteins of the membrane

167
Q

Protein that does not span the width of lipid bilayer, attached to integral proteins of the membrane

A

Peripheral protein

168
Q

Peroxisome

A

Contains enzymes responsible for detoxifying substances

169
Q

Contains enzymes responsible for detoxifying substances

A

Peroxisome

170
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of large particles

171
Q

Endocytosis of large particles

A

Phagocytosis

172
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of fluid

173
Q

Endocytosis of fluid

A

Pinocytosis

174
Q

Pluipotent

A

Differentiate into large variety of cell types

175
Q

Differentiate into large variety of cell types

A

Pluipotent

176
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

177
Q

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

178
Q

Polyribosome

A

Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosome

179
Q

Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosome

A

polyribosome

180
Q

Promoter

A

Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene

181
Q

Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene

182
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis, breakdown of nuclear envelope and condensing of chromatin to form chromosomes

183
Q

First stage of mitosis, breakdown of nuclear envelope and condensing of chromatin to form chromosomes

184
Q

Proteome

A

Full complement of proteins produced by cell

185
Q

Full complement of proteins produced by cell

186
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Group of reactive peroxides and O2 containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

187
Q

Group of reactive peroxides and O2 containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

188
Q

Receptor

A

Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another molecule (ligand)

189
Q

Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another molecule (ligand)

190
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane bound receptors

191
Q

Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane bound receptors

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

192
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal rna

193
Q

Ribosome

A

Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

194
Q

Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

195
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that unwinds DNA and adds new nucleotides in a growing strand of RNA for transcription phase of protein synthesis

196
Q

Enzyme that unwinds DNA and adds new nucleotides in a growing strand of RNA for transcription phase of protein synthesis

A

RNA Polymerase

197
Q

S Phase

A

Cell cycle phase where dna replication occurs

198
Q

Cell cycle phase where dna replication occurs

199
Q

Selective permeability

A

Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

200
Q

Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

A

Selective permeability

201
Q

Sister chromatid

A

One of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

202
Q

One of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

A

sister chromatid

203
Q

Sodium, potassium pump

A

Protein pump that uses ATP to move Na OUT and K in

204
Q

Protein pump that uses ATP to move Na OUT and K in

205
Q

Somatic cell

A

All cells of the body, excluding gamete cells

206
Q

All cells of the body, excluding gamete cells

A

Somatic cell

207
Q

Spliceosome

A

complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mrna transcript

208
Q

complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mrna transcript

A

Spliceosome

209
Q

Splicing

A

Modifying pre-mRNA transcript by removing non-coding regions

210
Q

Modifying pre-mRNA transcript by removing non-coding regions

211
Q

Stem cell

A

cell that is oligo, multi, or pluripotent, can produce additional stem cells rather than becoming specialized

212
Q

cell that is oligo, multi, or pluripotent, can produce additional stem cells rather than becoming specialized

213
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage of mitosis preceding cytokinesis, formation of two new daughter nuclei

214
Q

Final stage of mitosis preceding cytokinesis, formation of two new daughter nuclei

215
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryonic cells that can differentiate into anything

216
Q

Embryonic cells that can differentiate into anything

A

Totipotent

217
Q

Transcription

A

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

218
Q

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

A

Transcription

219
Q

Transcription Factor

A

One of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes

220
Q

One of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes

A

Transcription factor

221
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

222
Q

Transfer RNA

A

RNA that brings amino acids into a growing polypeptide strand and places them into sequence

223
Q

RNA that brings amino acids into a growing polypeptide strand and places them into sequence

A

Transfer RNA

224
Q

Translation

A

Producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

225
Q

Producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

A

Translation

226
Q

Triplet

A

3 Nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon corresponds to a particular amino acid

227
Q

3 Nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon corresponds to a particular amino acid

228
Q

Unipotent

A

Committed to a single specialized cell type

229
Q

Committed to a single specialized cell type

230
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

231
Q

Membrane bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

232
Q

Lysis

A

H20 entering cell and bursting

233
Q

H20 entering cell and bursting

234
Q

Crenation

A

Low Water, high conc in cell shrivels

235
Q

Low Water, high conc in cell shrivels

236
Q

lysosome

A

fuse with organelles participate in autolysis

237
Q

fuse with organelles participate in autolysis

238
Q

peroxisome

A

catalase power, convert H2O2 to water and oxidants

239
Q

catalase power, convert H2O2 to water and oxidants

A

peroxisome

Anatomy Openstax (3 decks)

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