Ch3 Cellular Level of Organism Flashcards
1
Q
Transport across the cell membrane that requires energy
A
Active Transport
2
Q
Active Transport
A
Across the cell membrane that requires energy
3
Q
Molecule that has a difference in polarity between its two ends resulting in water solubility
A
Amphipathic
4
Q
Amphipathic
A
Molecule that has a difference in polarity between its two ends resulting in water solubility
5
Q
3rd Stage of Mitosis/Meiosis where sister chromatids separate into two nuclear regions of a dividing cell
A
Anaphase
6
Q
Anaphase
A
3rd Stage of Mitosis/Meiosis where sister chromatids separate into two nuclear regions of a dividing cell
7
Q
Sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule
A
anticodon
8
Q
anticodon
A
Sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule
9
Q
Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action
A
Autolysis
10
Q
Autolysis
A
Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action
11
Q
Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components
A
Autophagy
12
Q
Autophagy
A
Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components
13
Q
Cell cycle
A
Life cycle of a single cell from birth until division into daughter cells
14
Q
Life cycle of a single cell from birth until division
A
Cell cycle
15
Q
Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules, also known as plasma membrane
A
Cell Membrane
16
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules, also known as plasma membrane
17
Q
Another term for cell membrane
A
plasma membrane
18
Q
Another term for plasma membrane
A
cell membrane
19
Q
Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division
A
Centriole
20
Q
Centriole
A
Small self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division
21
Q
Centromere
A
Region of attachment for two sister chromatids
22
Q
Region of attachment for two sister chromatids
A
Centromere
23
Q
Centrosome
A
Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division
24
Q
Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division
A
Centrosome
25
Channel protein
membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances
26
Membrane spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances
Channel protein
27
Checkpoint
Progress point int eh cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase
28
Progress point in the cell cycle during which conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequent phase
Checkpoint
29
Chromatin
Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins
30
Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins
Chromatin
31
Chromosome
Condensed version of chromatin, a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
32
Condensed version of chromatin, a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosome
33
Cilia
Small appendage formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cell surface
34
Small appendage formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cell surface
Cilia
35
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves
36
Contractile ring that forms across a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves
Cleavage furrow
37
Codon
Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid
38
Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid
Codon
39
Concentration Gradient
Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions
40
Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions
Concentration Gradient
41
Cyclin
One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle
42
One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle
Cyclin
43
CDK Stands for
Cyclin Dependent Kinase
44
Ctyokinesis
Final stage in cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells
45
Final stage in cell division where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells
Cytokinesis
46
Cytoplasm
Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus, organelles and materials exist
47
Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus, organelles and materials exist
Cytoplasm
48
Cytoskeleton
Rod proteins that support the cell's shape
49
Rod proteins that support the cell's shape
Cytoskeleton
50
Cytosol
Fluid medium in the cytoplasm, mostly water
51
Fluid medium in the cytoplasm, mostly water
Cytosol
52
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of higher conc. to lower
53
Movement of a substance from an area of higher conc. to lower
Diffusion
54
Diploid
Condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material
55
Condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material
Diploid
56
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during replication
57
Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during replication
DNA polymerase
58
DNA replication
Duplicating a molecule of DNA
59
Duplicating a molecule of DNA
DNA replication
60
Electrical gradient
Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions
61
Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions
Electrical gradient
62
Endocytosis
Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle
63
Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle
Endocytosis
64
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which might be associated with ribosomes
65
Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which might be associated with ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
66
Exocytosis
Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle
67
Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle
Exocytosis
68
Exon
One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing
69
One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing
Exon
70
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs
71
Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs
Extracellular Fluid
72
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of a substance with help from membrane protein
73
Diffusion of a substance with help from membrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
74
Flagellum
Appendage on cells formed by microtubules, modified for movement
75
Appendage on cells formed by microtubules, modified for movement
Flagellum
76
G0 Phase
Cell cycle phase, from G1 phase, long period where the cell does not move forward into DNA synthesis
77
Cell cycle phase, from G1 phase, long period where the cell does not move forward into DNA synthesis
G0 Phase
78
G1 Phase
Phase after new cell is born
79
Phase after new cell is born
G1 Phase
80
G2 Phase
3rd phase in cell cycle after DNA synthesis
81
3rd phase in cell cycle after DNA synthesis
G2 Phase
82
Gene
Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein
83
Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein
Gene
84
Gene expression
Active interpretation of the info coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product
85
Active interpretation of the info coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product
Gene expression
86
Genome
Entire complement of an organisms DNA found within almost every cell
87
Entire complement of an organisms DNA found within almost every cell
Genome
88
Glycocalyx
Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds cell membrane
89
Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds cell membrane
Glycocalyx
90
Glycoprotein
Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
91
Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
Glycoprotein
92
Golgi Apparatus
Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened sacs that functions in protein modification, packaging, transport
93
Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened sacs that functions in protein modification, packaging, transport
Golgi Apparatus
94
Helicase
Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication
95
Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication
Helicase
96
Histone
Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form each parent
97
Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form each parent
Histone
98
Homologous
2 copies of the same chromosome, one inherited from each parent
99
2 copies of the same chromosome, one inherited from each parent
Homologous
100
Hydrophilic
Substance attracted to water
101
Substance attracted to water
Hydrophilic
102
Hydrophobic
Substance repelled by water
103
Substance repelled by water
Hydrophobic
104
Hypertonic
Solution with higher concentration than reference
105
Solution with higher concentration than reference
Hypertonic
106
Hypotonic
Solution with lower concentration than reference
107
Solution with lower concentration than reference
Hypotonic
108
Integral protein
Membrane associated protein that spans the entire width of a lipid bilayer
109
Membrane associated protein that spans the entire width of a lipid bilayer
Integral protein
110
Intermediate Filament
Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, resists cellular tension
111
Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, resists cellular tension
Intermediate Filament
112
Interphase
Entire lifecycle of cell, excluding mitosis
113
Entire lifecycle of cell, excluding mitosis
Interphase
114
Interstitial fluid
Fluid in spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels
115
Fluid in spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels
Interstitial fluid
116
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid in cytosol of cells
117
Fluid in cytosol of cells
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
118
Intron
Non-coding regions of a pre-mrna transcript that may be removed during splicing
119
Non-coding regions of a pre-mrna transcript that may be removed during splicing
Intron
120
Isotonic
Solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration
121
Solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration
Isotonic
122
Kinetochore
Region of centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids
123
Region of centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids
Kinetochore
124
Ligand
Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
125
Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
Ligand
126
Lysosome
Membrane bound cellular organelle from the Golgi apparatus, contains digestive enzymes
127
Membrane bound cellular organelle from the Golgi apparatus, contains digestive enzymes
Lysosome
128
mRNA
Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein
129
Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein
mRNA
130
Metaphase
2nd stage of mitosis/meiosis - linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
131
2nd stage of mitosis/meiosis - linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
Metaphase
132
Metaphase Plate
Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
133
Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
Metaphase
134
Microfilament
Thin cytoskeletal filaments, composed of actin that function in muscle contraction and structural support
135
Thin cytoskeletal filaments, composed of actin that function in muscle contraction and structural support
Microfilament
136
Microtubule
Thick cytoskeletal filament, function in cell movement and structure support
137
Thick cytoskeletal filament, function in cell movement and structure support
Microtubule
138
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP
139
Produces ATP
Mitochondrion
140
Mitosis
Division of genetic material, , cell nucleus breaks into two
141
Division of genetic material, , cell nucleus breaks into two
Mitosis
142
Mitotic Spindle
Network of microtubules that pulls apart and arranges chromosomes
143
Network of microtubules that pulls apart and arranges chromosomes
Mitotic spindle
144
Multipotent
Differentiate different cells within a lineage
145
Differentiate different cells within a lineage
Multipotent
146
Mutation
Change in nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell's dna
147
Change in nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell's dna
Mutation
148
Nuclear envelope
Membrane that surrounds nucleus, consisting of a double lipid-bilayer
149
Membrane that surrounds nucleus, consisting of a double lipid-bilayer
Nuclear Envelope
150
Nuclear Pore
Small protein lined opening throughout the nuclear envelope
151
Small protein lined opening throughout the nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
152
Nucleolus
Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome symthesis
153
Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome symthesis
Nucleolus
154
Nucleosome
Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around proteins
155
Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around proteins
Nucleosome
156
Nucleus
Cell's central organelle that contains cell's dna
157
Cell's central organelle that contains cell's dna
nucleus
158
Oligopotent
Condition of being specialized, differentiated
159
Condition of being specialized, differentiated
Oligopotent
160
Organelle
Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions for the cell
161
Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions for the cell
Organelle
162
Osmosis
Diffusion of water down their conc. gradient across a selectively permeable membrane
163
Diffusion of water down their conc. gradient across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
164
Passive transport
Transport across cell membrane that does not require input of cell energy
165
Transport across cell membrane that does not require input of cell energy
Passive Transport
166
Peripheral protein
Protein that does not span the width of lipid bilayer, attached to integral proteins of the membrane
167
Protein that does not span the width of lipid bilayer, attached to integral proteins of the membrane
Peripheral protein
168
Peroxisome
Contains enzymes responsible for detoxifying substances
169
Contains enzymes responsible for detoxifying substances
Peroxisome
170
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis of large particles
171
Endocytosis of large particles
Phagocytosis
172
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis of fluid
173
Endocytosis of fluid
Pinocytosis
174
Pluipotent
Differentiate into large variety of cell types
175
Differentiate into large variety of cell types
Pluipotent
176
Polypeptide
Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
177
Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
178
Polyribosome
Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosome
179
Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosome
polyribosome
180
Promoter
Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene
181
Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene
Promoter
182
Prophase
First stage of mitosis, breakdown of nuclear envelope and condensing of chromatin to form chromosomes
183
First stage of mitosis, breakdown of nuclear envelope and condensing of chromatin to form chromosomes
Prophase
184
Proteome
Full complement of proteins produced by cell
185
Full complement of proteins produced by cell
Proteome
186
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Group of reactive peroxides and O2 containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage
187
Group of reactive peroxides and O2 containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
188
Receptor
Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another molecule (ligand)
189
Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another molecule (ligand)
Receptor
190
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane bound receptors
191
Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane bound receptors
Receptor mediated endocytosis
192
rRNA
ribosomal rna
193
Ribosome
Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis
194
Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis
Ribosome
195
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that unwinds DNA and adds new nucleotides in a growing strand of RNA for transcription phase of protein synthesis
196
Enzyme that unwinds DNA and adds new nucleotides in a growing strand of RNA for transcription phase of protein synthesis
RNA Polymerase
197
S Phase
Cell cycle phase where dna replication occurs
198
Cell cycle phase where dna replication occurs
S Phase
199
Selective permeability
Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others
200
Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others
Selective permeability
201
Sister chromatid
One of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication
202
One of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication
sister chromatid
203
Sodium, potassium pump
Protein pump that uses ATP to move Na OUT and K in
204
Protein pump that uses ATP to move Na OUT and K in
Na/K pump
205
Somatic cell
All cells of the body, excluding gamete cells
206
All cells of the body, excluding gamete cells
Somatic cell
207
Spliceosome
complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mrna transcript
208
complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mrna transcript
Spliceosome
209
Splicing
Modifying pre-mRNA transcript by removing non-coding regions
210
Modifying pre-mRNA transcript by removing non-coding regions
Splicing
211
Stem cell
cell that is oligo, multi, or pluripotent, can produce additional stem cells rather than becoming specialized
212
cell that is oligo, multi, or pluripotent, can produce additional stem cells rather than becoming specialized
stem cell
213
Telophase
Final stage of mitosis preceding cytokinesis, formation of two new daughter nuclei
214
Final stage of mitosis preceding cytokinesis, formation of two new daughter nuclei
Telophase
215
Totipotent
Embryonic cells that can differentiate into anything
216
Embryonic cells that can differentiate into anything
Totipotent
217
Transcription
Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
218
Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
Transcription
219
Transcription Factor
One of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes
220
One of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes
Transcription factor
221
tRNA
Transfer RNA
222
Transfer RNA
RNA that brings amino acids into a growing polypeptide strand and places them into sequence
223
RNA that brings amino acids into a growing polypeptide strand and places them into sequence
Transfer RNA
224
Translation
Producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
225
Producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
Translation
226
Triplet
3 Nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon corresponds to a particular amino acid
227
3 Nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon corresponds to a particular amino acid
Triplet
228
Unipotent
Committed to a single specialized cell type
229
Committed to a single specialized cell type
Unipotent
230
Vesicle
Membrane bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell
231
Membrane bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell
Vesicle
232
Lysis
H20 entering cell and bursting
233
H20 entering cell and bursting
Lysis
234
Crenation
Low Water, high conc in cell shrivels
235
Low Water, high conc in cell shrivels
Crenation
236
lysosome
fuse with organelles participate in autolysis
237
fuse with organelles participate in autolysis
lysosome
238
peroxisome
catalase power, convert H2O2 to water and oxidants
239
catalase power, convert H2O2 to water and oxidants
peroxisome
