Ch3

Question 1

Function of the External Female Reproductive Organs

Answer 1

Collectively called the “vulva”
Protects urethra and vaginal openings
Highly sensitive to touch to increase female’s pleasure during sexual arousal

Question 2

External Female Reproductive Organs

Answer 2

Components of the vulva:
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Vestibular structures
Perineum

Question 3

Internal Female Reproductive Organs

Answer 3

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Ovaries

Question 4

Layers of the Uterine Wall

Answer 4

Endometrium: innermost layer
Lines the uterine cavity in non-pregnant women
Myometrium: muscular middle layer
Makes up the major portion of the uterus
Composed of smooth muscle linked by connective tissue
Perimetrium: outer serosal layer
Covers the body of the uterus

Question 5

Female Sexual Response

Answer 5

Sexual stimulation leading to vasocongestion
Vaginal expansion and elongation
Secretion of mucus by vestibular glands
Estrogen (preservation of vascular function) and testosterone (hormone of sexual desire in women)
Orgasm (zenith of stimulation)
Rapid dissipation of vasocongestion and muscle contraction

Question 6

Female Reproductive Cycle

Answer 6

Hormonal regulation
Ovarian cycle
Endometrial cycle
Menstruation (in the absence of fertilization)
Cyclical breast changes

Question 7

Menstruation

Answer 7

Expulsion of inner uterine lining occurring monthly
Marks the beginning and end of each menstrual cycle
21-36 days (ave=28)

Question 8

Menarche

Answer 8

establishment of menstruation in females

Question 9

Menopause

Answer 9

naturally occurring cessation of regular menstrual cycles

Question 10

Menstrual cycle

Answer 10

ovarian cycle
menstrual cycle
endometrial cycle

Question 11

ovarian cycle

Answer 11

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase

Question 12

Menstrual Cycle Hormones

Answer 12

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandins

Question 13

Endometrial cycle

Answer 13

Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
Ischemic Phase
Menstrual Phase

Question 14

Ovarian cycle: Follicular phase

Answer 14

day 1 through ovulation (day 10-14)
initiated by hypothalamus
follicles grow and form a mature egg
anterior pituitary gland releases FSH (stimulates ovary to produce 5-20 immature follicles) and LH (stimulates final maturity and ruture of a mature follicle, relaease of amature egg-ovulation)

Question 15

Ovarian cycle: ovulation

Answer 15

Surge of LH causes rupture of a mature follicle releasing a mature oocyte (egg / ovum)
Usually occurs on day 14 in a 28d cycle
Drop in estrogen occurs
Fallopian tubes develop currents to carry ovum to uterus
Ovum life span = 24 hours (unfertilized)
Cervical mucus becomes thin, clear, stretchy, and slippery to facilitate sperm traveling through the cervix to meet & fertilize the ovum

Question 16

Ovarian cycle: Luteal phase

Answer 16

From ovulation until the menstrual phase of the next cycle (typically days 15-28)
Corpus luteum releases progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation. It also raises body temperature .5 to 1 degrees Fahrenheit
Without fertilization –> Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease, Endometrium involutes, Menstruation then begins approximately 14 days after ovulation

Question 17

FSH & LH are at the lowest levels during…

Answer 17

the luteal phase

Question 18

Endometrial cycle: proliferative phase

Answer 18

Begins on about day 5 of the menstrual cycle & lasts until ovulation
Dependent upon estrogen stimulation from ovarian follicles
Coincides with the Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
Estrogen levels increase:
Enlargement of endometrial glands results
Blood vessels dilate & the endometrium thickens substantially (from .5mm to 5mm)
Cervical mucus becomes thin, clear, stretchy, & more alkaline to enhance chance of fertilization

Question 19

Endometrial cycle: secretory phase

Answer 19

Ovulation until approximately 3 days before the next menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum releases progesterone:
Endometrium becomes more glandular
Endometrium secretes glycogen and lipids to prepare for implantation
Occurs from approximately day 15 to 28
Coincides with the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
The Secretory Phase DOES NOT OCCUR IF OVULATION DOES NOT OCCUR

Question 20

Endometrial cycle: Ischemic phase

Answer 20

OCCURS ONLY IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR
Estrogen and progesterone drop sharply as corpus luteum degenerates
Changes in endometrium–>spasm of arterioles–>ischemia of basal layer–>shedding of endometrium down to teh basal layer–>menstruation

Question 21

Endometrial cycle: menstrual phase

Answer 21

Secondary to ischemia, spiral arteries rupture releasing blood into the uterus
Without fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates & estrogen & progesterone levels fall
The start of menstrual flow signals the end of one menstrual cycle and the start of another
Bleeding occurs on average for 3 to 7 days
6 to 8 ounces volume/cycle is average

Question 22

Period length and amount of blood

Answer 22

3-7 days

6-8 ounces

Question 23

For a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs
proliferation phase starts
secretory phase starts at ovulation to how many days before next period

Answer 23

day 14
day 5
3 days before next period

Question 24

Menstrual cycle hormone

Answer 24

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandins

Question 25

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Answer 25

Secreted from the Hypothalamus Released in a pulsating manner throughout the menstrual cycle Releases SLOWLY during the FOLLICULAR PHASE Release INCREASES during the LUTEAL PHASE GnRH induces the release of FSH and LH to assist with ovulation

Question 26

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Answer 26

Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland Responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle Secretion is highest during the first week of the FOLLICULAR PHASE

Question 27

Luteinizing Hormone

Answer 27

Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland Responsible for final maturation of pre-ovulatory follicles & luteinization of the ruptured follicle Estrogen production declines Progesterone secretion continues

Question 28

Estrogen

Answer 28

Secreted by the ovaries Crucial for development & maturation of the follicle Predominant at the end of the Proliferative Phase After ovulation it drops quickly In the Endometrial Cycle, estrogen causes an increase in uterine size & weight secondary to increases in glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, water and blood supply

Question 29

Progesterone

Answer 29

Secreted by corpus luteum Levels peak 5-7 days after ovulation During the Luteal Phase, progesterone induces swelling and increased secretion by the endometrium “Hormone of Pregnancy"

Question 30

Prostaglandins

Answer 30

Mediators of the body’s inflammatory processes Oxygenated fatty acids produced by the endometrium Have regulatory effects, but are not true hormones Increase during follicular maturation Free the ovum from the graafian follicle Large quantities can be found in menstrual blood

Question 31

External Male Reproductive Organs

Answer 31

Penis | Scrotum

Question 32

Penis

Answer 32

Organ of copulation | Outlet for urine and sperm

Question 33

Scrotum

Answer 33

Sac surrounding and protecting testes | Climate-control system for testes

Question 34

Perimenopause

Answer 34

Natural maturing of the reproductive system that occurs as one transitions from young adulthood into middle age Perimenopause = 2-8 years prior to menopause-->decreases in estrogen

Question 35

Decrease in estrogen vasomotor symptoms due to perimenopause

Answer 35

``` Hot flashes Irregular Menstrual Cycles Sleep Disruption Forgetfulness Irritability Mood Disturbances Decreased Vaginal Lubrication Fatigue Vaginal Atrophy Depression ```

Question 36

Menopause

Answer 36

The naturally occurring phase of a woman’s life when there is a cessation of regular menstrual cycles and childbearing capacity Average is 50/51 years old Associated with atrophy of the breasts, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

Question 37

Menopause vasomotor symptoms

Answer 37

``` Hot/cold flashes Sweating Headaches Insomnia Irritability ```

Question 38

Internal Male Reproductive Organs

Answer 38

Testes Ductal system Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)

Question 39

Testes

Answer 39

Sperm production (in the seminiferous tubules) Testosterone synthesis Sperm maturation area (in the epididymis)

Question 40

Ductal system

Answer 40

``` Vas deferens (sperm transport from the epididymis) Spermatic cord (blood vessels, nerves, & vas deferens) Urethra (reproductive & urinary duct) ```

Question 41

Seminal vesicles

Answer 41

secrete alkaline fluid with fructose (sperm energy source) & prostaglandins (aids sperm motility)

Question 42

Prostate

Answer 42

walnut sized gland, enlarges with age. Located under the bladder & surrounds the urethra. Produces alkaline prostatic fluid that nourishes the sperm & provides the volume of semen

Question 43

Bulbourethral glands (cowpers)

Answer 43

two pea-size structures located inferior to the prostate. With sexual stimulation, secrete mucus-like fluid to lubricate the head of the penis for intercourse. Diminish in size, with age

Question 44

Male sexual response

Answer 44

Vasodilation & blood flow increases into erectile tissues Compression of penile veins by the swelling erectile tissues, reducing blood flow away from the penis Penis swells & elongates producing an erection Orgasm is accompanied by emission of sperm and fluids into the urethra Ejaculation occurs when sperm mixed with seminal and prostatic fluids and mucus form the semen and it is discharged from the urethra