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Women's Health > Ch3 > Flashcards

Ch3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the External Female Reproductive Organs

A

Collectively called the “vulva”
Protects urethra and vaginal openings
Highly sensitive to touch to increase female’s pleasure during sexual arousal

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2
Q

External Female Reproductive Organs

A 
Components of the vulva:
Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Vestibular structures
Perineum
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3
Q

Internal Female Reproductive Organs

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Ovaries

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4
Q

Layers of the Uterine Wall

A

Endometrium: innermost layer
Lines the uterine cavity in non-pregnant women
Myometrium: muscular middle layer
Makes up the major portion of the uterus
Composed of smooth muscle linked by connective tissue
Perimetrium: outer serosal layer
Covers the body of the uterus

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5
Q

Female Sexual Response

A

Sexual stimulation leading to vasocongestion
Vaginal expansion and elongation
Secretion of mucus by vestibular glands
Estrogen (preservation of vascular function) and testosterone (hormone of sexual desire in women)
Orgasm (zenith of stimulation)
Rapid dissipation of vasocongestion and muscle contraction

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6
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A 
Hormonal regulation
Ovarian cycle
Endometrial cycle
Menstruation (in the absence of fertilization)
Cyclical breast changes
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7
Q

Menstruation

A

Expulsion of inner uterine lining occurring monthly
Marks the beginning and end of each menstrual cycle
21-36 days (ave=28)

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8
Q

Menarche

A

establishment of menstruation in females

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9
Q

Menopause

A

naturally occurring cessation of regular menstrual cycles

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10
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

ovarian cycle
menstrual cycle
endometrial cycle

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11
Q

ovarian cycle

A

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase

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12
Q

Menstrual Cycle Hormones

A 
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandins
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13
Q

Endometrial cycle

A

Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
Ischemic Phase
Menstrual Phase

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14
Q

Ovarian cycle: Follicular phase

A

day 1 through ovulation (day 10-14)
initiated by hypothalamus
follicles grow and form a mature egg
anterior pituitary gland releases FSH (stimulates ovary to produce 5-20 immature follicles) and LH (stimulates final maturity and ruture of a mature follicle, relaease of amature egg-ovulation)

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15
Q

Ovarian cycle: ovulation

A

Surge of LH causes rupture of a mature follicle releasing a mature oocyte (egg / ovum)
Usually occurs on day 14 in a 28d cycle
Drop in estrogen occurs
Fallopian tubes develop currents to carry ovum to uterus
Ovum life span = 24 hours (unfertilized)
Cervical mucus becomes thin, clear, stretchy, and slippery to facilitate sperm traveling through the cervix to meet & fertilize the ovum

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16
Q

Ovarian cycle: Luteal phase

A

From ovulation until the menstrual phase of the next cycle (typically days 15-28)
Corpus luteum releases progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation. It also raises body temperature .5 to 1 degrees Fahrenheit
Without fertilization –> Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease, Endometrium involutes, Menstruation then begins approximately 14 days after ovulation

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17
Q

FSH & LH are at the lowest levels during…

A

the luteal phase

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18
Q

Endometrial cycle: proliferative phase

A

Begins on about day 5 of the menstrual cycle & lasts until ovulation
Dependent upon estrogen stimulation from ovarian follicles
Coincides with the Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
Estrogen levels increase:
Enlargement of endometrial glands results
Blood vessels dilate & the endometrium thickens substantially (from .5mm to 5mm)
Cervical mucus becomes thin, clear, stretchy, & more alkaline to enhance chance of fertilization

19
Q

Endometrial cycle: secretory phase

A

Ovulation until approximately 3 days before the next menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum releases progesterone:
Endometrium becomes more glandular
Endometrium secretes glycogen and lipids to prepare for implantation
Occurs from approximately day 15 to 28
Coincides with the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
The Secretory Phase DOES NOT OCCUR IF OVULATION DOES NOT OCCUR

20
Q

Endometrial cycle: Ischemic phase

A

OCCURS ONLY IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR
Estrogen and progesterone drop sharply as corpus luteum degenerates
Changes in endometrium–>spasm of arterioles–>ischemia of basal layer–>shedding of endometrium down to teh basal layer–>menstruation

21
Q

Endometrial cycle: menstrual phase

A

Secondary to ischemia, spiral arteries rupture releasing blood into the uterus
Without fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates & estrogen & progesterone levels fall
The start of menstrual flow signals the end of one menstrual cycle and the start of another
Bleeding occurs on average for 3 to 7 days
6 to 8 ounces volume/cycle is average

22
Q

Period length and amount of blood

A

3-7 days

6-8 ounces

23
Q

For a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs
proliferation phase starts
secretory phase starts at ovulation to how many days before next period

A

day 14
day 5
3 days before next period

24
Q

Menstrual cycle hormone

A 
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandins
25
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

A

Secreted from the Hypothalamus
Released in a pulsating manner throughout the menstrual cycle
Releases SLOWLY during the FOLLICULAR PHASE
Release INCREASES during the LUTEAL PHASE
GnRH induces the release of FSH and LH to assist with ovulation

26
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle
Secretion is highest during the first week of the FOLLICULAR PHASE

27
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Responsible for final maturation of pre-ovulatory follicles & luteinization of the ruptured follicle
Estrogen production declines
Progesterone secretion continues

28
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted by the ovaries
Crucial for development & maturation of the follicle
Predominant at the end of the Proliferative Phase
After ovulation it drops quickly
In the Endometrial Cycle, estrogen causes an increase in uterine size & weight secondary to increases in glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, water and blood supply

29
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by corpus luteum
Levels peak 5-7 days after ovulation
During the Luteal Phase, progesterone induces swelling and increased secretion by the endometrium
“Hormone of Pregnancy”

30
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Mediators of the body’s inflammatory processes
Oxygenated fatty acids produced by the endometrium
Have regulatory effects, but are not true hormones
Increase during follicular maturation
Free the ovum from the graafian follicle
Large quantities can be found in menstrual blood

31
Q

External Male Reproductive Organs

A

Penis

Scrotum

32
Q

Penis

A

Organ of copulation

Outlet for urine and sperm

33
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac surrounding and protecting testes

Climate-control system for testes

34
Q

Perimenopause

A

Natural maturing of the reproductive system that occurs as one transitions from young adulthood into middle age
Perimenopause = 2-8 years prior to menopause–>decreases in estrogen

35
Q

Decrease in estrogen vasomotor symptoms due to perimenopause

A 
Hot flashes
Irregular Menstrual Cycles
Sleep Disruption
Forgetfulness
Irritability
Mood Disturbances
Decreased Vaginal Lubrication
Fatigue
Vaginal Atrophy
Depression
36
Q

Menopause

A

The naturally occurring phase of a woman’s life when there is a cessation of regular menstrual cycles and childbearing capacity
Average is 50/51 years old
Associated with atrophy of the breasts, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

37
Q

Menopause vasomotor symptoms

A 
Hot/cold flashes
Sweating
Headaches
Insomnia
Irritability
38
Q

Internal Male Reproductive Organs

A

Testes
Ductal system
Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)

39
Q

Testes

A

Sperm production (in the seminiferous tubules)
Testosterone synthesis
Sperm maturation area (in the epididymis)

40
Q

Ductal system

A 
Vas deferens (sperm transport from the epididymis)
Spermatic cord (blood vessels, nerves, & vas deferens)
Urethra (reproductive & urinary duct)
41
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

secrete alkaline fluid with fructose (sperm energy source) & prostaglandins (aids sperm motility)

42
Q

Prostate

A

walnut sized gland, enlarges with age. Located under the bladder & surrounds the urethra. Produces alkaline prostatic fluid that nourishes the sperm & provides the volume of semen

43
Q

Bulbourethral glands (cowpers)

A

two pea-size structures located inferior to the prostate. With sexual stimulation, secrete mucus-like fluid to lubricate the head of the penis for intercourse. Diminish in size, with age

44
Q

Male sexual response

A

Vasodilation & blood flow increases into erectile tissues
Compression of penile veins by the swelling erectile tissues, reducing blood flow away from the penis
Penis swells & elongates producing an erection
Orgasm is accompanied by emission of sperm and fluids into the urethra
Ejaculation occurs when sperm mixed with seminal and prostatic fluids and mucus form the semen and it is discharged from the urethra

Women's Health (10 decks)

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