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Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis > Ch3 > Flashcards

Ch3 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammatory Rx: what antibody and immune cell involved in asthma?

A

IgE antibodies, eosinophils

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2
Q

Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in glomerulonephritis?

A

Antibodies and complement; neutrophils and monocytes

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3
Q

Inflammatory Rx: what molecules are involved in septic shock?

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts

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5
Q

Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in atherosclerosis?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes

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6
Q

Acute Inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs

A
  1. Minutes to hours
    2.mainly neutrophils
    3.mild and self limiting
    4.prominent
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7
Q

Chronic inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs

A

1.days
2.monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
3.severe and progressive
4.less

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8
Q

Cellular receptors that detect microbes are called ___

A

Toll-like receptors

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9
Q

Cellular receptors that sense molecules released from cell damage are ___

A

NOD-like receptors

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10
Q

What is an exudate?

A

Extravascular fluid that has high protein content + cellular debris. Marker of an inflammatory process

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11
Q

Pus is a type of (extravascular fluid type)

A

Exudate

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12
Q

What is a transudate?

A

Low protein fluid (mostly albumin). Cases of high hydrostatic pressure

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13
Q

Vasodilation: which chemical triggers this?

A

Histamine

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14
Q

What are the chemicals that contract endothelial cells that lead to vascular leakage? 3

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes

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15
Q

____ is a classic example of late vascular leakage

A

Sunburn

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16
Q

What are the phases of which leukocytes migrate to site of inflammation?

A
  1. Lumen: margination, rolling and adhesion to endothelium.
    2.migration across endothelium
    3.migration in tissues toward chemotactic stimulus
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17
Q

Inflammation: What do selectins do in endothelium?

A

Initiate rolling interactions with leukocytes

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18
Q

The ligands for Selectins are ___

A

Sialylated oligosaccharides bound to mucin-like glycoproteins

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19
Q

Endothelial cells, macrophages and mast cells release ____ when encountering microbes and dead cells.

A

Chemo attractant agents

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20
Q

What are examples of chemo attractant agents?

A

IL-1
TNF
Chemokines

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21
Q

Inflammation: What is the role of integrins?

A

Firmly adheres leukocytes so they can roll

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22
Q

The main ligand expressed for integrins is ____

A

VCAM-1

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23
Q

Neutrophils predominate the inflammatory site in the first _____ hrs

A

6-24

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24
Q

Monocytes replace neutrophils in ____hrs

A

24-48

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25
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

Leukocytes moving toward site of injury/chemoattractant agents

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26
Q

When leukocytes are activated, they increased cytosol ____(ion) and activate enzymes ____ and ____

A

Calcium
Protein kinase C
Phospholipase A2

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27
Q

What are the stages of phagocytosis? 3

A
  1. Recognition and attachment
    2.engulfment
    3.killing
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28
Q

How do leukocytes recognise microbes/dead cells?

A

Phagocytic receptors eg mannose receptors, scavenger receptors

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29
Q

What molecule is found in bacteria that allow the phagocytic receptors to distinguish between host cells?

A

Terminal mannose/fucose residues on glycoprotein/lipid

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30
Q

What is an opsonin? Example

A

Can coat microbes/dead cells to increase affinity for phagocytosis

Eg MAC-1

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31
Q

How are microbes killed by lysosomes?

A

Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen species
Lysosomal enzymes

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32
Q

What are the anti inflammatory cytokines? Role?

A

TGF-B, IL-10
Secreted from macrophages to assist termination of inflammatory rx

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33
Q

Development of ‘cold abcess’ is due to lack of ____(cytokine)

A

IL-17

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34
Q

What are Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETs)?

A

A network of neutrophils that concentrate antimicrobial substances to trap microbes

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35
Q

Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETS): how are they activated?

A

1.ROS activation of arginine deaminase
2. Convert arginine to citrulline
3. Leads to chromatin condensation until rupture and release
4.MPO and elastase are also released and enhance tlchromatin condensation

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36
Q

What is the role of A-antitrypsin?

A

Inhibits neutrophil elastase: prevents immune destruction of tissues

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37
Q

What is the role of NO (reactive O2 species)?

A

Neurotransmitter
Maintains vascular tone
Acts to kill bacteria

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38
Q

ROS are produced by activation of ____

A

NADPH Oxidase

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39
Q

____ is the most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils.

A

H2O2-MPO-Halide system

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40
Q

What are 5 antioxidant defense systems that protect against ROS?

A

1.Glutathione system
2. Superoxide dismutase
3.catalase (detoxes H2O2)
4.Ceruloplasmin
5.transferrin (iron free part)

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41
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of histamine?

A

Vasodilation: increased permeability and endothelial activation

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42
Q

Where is histamine sourced from? 3

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

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43
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilation
Pain
Fever

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44
Q

Where are prostaglandins sourced from?

A

Mast cells
Leukocytes

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45
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of leukotrienes? 3

A

Increase vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte adhesion and activation

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46
Q

Where are leukotrienes sourced from?

A

Mast cells
Leukocytes

47
Q

Where are cytokines (IL1, IL6, TNF) sourced from? 3

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
Endothelial cells

48
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL6)

A

Local: endothelial expression of adhesion molecules

Systemic: fever, hypotension (shock)

49
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of chemokines? 2

A

Chemotaxis
Leukocyte activation

50
Q

Where are chemokines sourced from? 2

A

ACTIVATED macrophages
mast cells

51
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of platelet activating factor? 4

A

Vasodilation
Leukocyte adhesion
Chemotaxis
Oxidative burst

52
Q

Complement is produced in ____(organ)

53
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of complement? 3

A

Leukocyte chemotaxis
Direct target killing (membrane attack complex)
Mast cell stimulation (vasodilation)

54
Q

Kinins are produced in ____(organ)

55
Q

Immune Rx: what is the effect of kinins? 3

A

Smooth muscle contraction
Vasodilation
Pain

56
Q

Where are complement and kinins sourced from?

57
Q

Vasoactive amines 2

A

Serotonin
Histamine

58
Q

Which receptor do mast cells express, that lead to hypersensitivity Rx?

59
Q

Serotonin is also known as ____

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

60
Q

Serotonin effect on blood vessels?

A

Vasocontrictor

61
Q

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are produced from ____(molecule)

A

Arachidonic acid

62
Q

The precursor molecule for arachidonic acid is ____

A

Linoleic acid

63
Q

Cyclooxygenase produce ___(molecule)

A

Prostaglandins

64
Q

Lipoxygenases produce _____(molecule)

A

Leukotrienes and lipoxins

65
Q

_______ release arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane.

A

Phospholipase A2

66
Q

COX-1 is expressed in (locations) 2

A

Kidney
GI tract

67
Q

Prostaglandins that cause vasodilation? 4

A

Any prostaglandin (prostacyclin PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2)

68
Q

Which leukotrienes cause vasoconstriction and INCREASED permeability?

A

Leukotrienes C/D/E4

69
Q

Thromboxane causes (blood Vessel effect)

A

Vasoconstriction

70
Q

Kinins are derived from (cell molecule) by enzyme ____

A

Plasma proteins
Kallikriens

71
Q

What are the 3 pathways which C3 can be cleaved?

A
  1. Classical pathway: C1 binds to IgM or IgG
    2.Alternative pathway: triggered by microbe molecules (eg endotoxin)
    3.lectin pathway: C1 activation when mannose binding lectin binds to carbs on microbe
72
Q

IFN-Gamma is sourced from

A

NK cells, T lymphocytes

73
Q

A scar is an example of _____ inflammation

74
Q

A skin blister is a type of ____inflammation

75
Q

What are the morphologic features that suggest chronic inflammation? 3

A
  1. Infiltration with mononuclear cells
    2.Attempts at healing: lots of connective tissue replacing underlying structures
    3.tissue destruction
76
Q

What cells make mononuclear phagocyte system? 4

A
  1. liver (Kuppfer cells)
  2. Spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)
    3.lungs (alveolar macrophages)
    4.CNS (microglial cells)
77
Q

Monocytes: derived from ____ in postnatal period.

A

Bone marrow

78
Q

Monocytes: derived from ____ (2) during fetal period.

A

Embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver

79
Q

What cell is this associated with?

A

Giant cell: granulomas eg TB

80
Q

What cells trigger granulomatous inflammation?

A

T lymphocytes

81
Q

Chronic inflammation associated with area of necrosis is known as ____ inflammation.

A

Granulomatous

82
Q

____ and _____ (ILs) activate macrophage alternative pathway.

A

IL-4 and IL-13

83
Q

Th1 cells produce ___ which activate ____pathway.

A

IFN-gamma
Classical

84
Q

Th2 cells produce ____ (3) and activate ____ pathway.

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

85
Q

CD___T cells promote inflammation (Th1, Th2,Th17)

86
Q

Tissue repair: What does ‘organizing’ mean?

A

Fibrosis happening in a space where there is inflammatory exudate eg organising pneumonia

87
Q

What are ‘labile’ cells?

A

Cells that can continuously divide eg skin, exocrine glands salivary, vagina

88
Q

What are ‘stable’ tissues?

A

Stay in G0 phase, but can divide when needed and generally limited in regeneration ability eg solid organs liver, kidney, pancreas

89
Q

What are ‘permanent’ tissues?

A

Tissues that terminally differentiated and cannot divide eg cardiac muscle, CNS, neurons

90
Q

The only ‘stable’ tissue that has unlimited proliferation potential is (organ)

91
Q

_____(cell) produce IL6 to stimulate liver regeneration.

92
Q

What is the role of IL-6 in hepatocyte regeneration?

A

Allows hepatocytes to receive growth signals eg HGF, TGFAlpha

93
Q

What are the steps in scar formation in tissues? 4

A
  1. Inflammation: neutrophils, monocytes
  2. Cell proliferation eg epithelial cells (growth factors), endothelial cells (angiogenesis), fibroblasts (collagen fibres)
  3. Formation of granulation tissue: fibroblasts
    4.deposit connective tissue
94
Q

Angiogenesis: ____ stimulates migration and proliferation of endothelial cells.

95
Q

What is the role of angiopoitins in angiogenesis?

A

Ang1 and 2 help structural maturation of vessels

96
Q

What cells assist in stabilisation of blood vessels?
What factors/signals assist this? 2

A

Smooth muscle
Pericytes
Connective tissue

TGF-B, PGDF

97
Q

Angiogenesis: ____is the most important cytokine/signal for synthesis of connective tissue protein

98
Q

____ (cells) contract a scar overtime.

A

Mylofibroblast

99
Q

How do steroids inhibit wound healing?

A

Inhibit TGF-B (weakens scar by decreasing collagen deposition)

100
Q

What chemicals are released in acute Inflammation, that cause pain? Eg in acute appendicitis

A

Prostaglandin
Bradykinin

101
Q

What are chemotactic substances for neutrophils? 4

A

C5a
Leukotrienes
Selectins
Bacterial products

102
Q

How does aspirin cause bleeding?

A

Inhibits Thromboxane A2 from platelets - prevents formation of plug

103
Q

Immunoflorence: Linear pattern associated with which disease?

A

Good pastures (anti-GBM)

104
Q

Immunofluorescence: granular pattern associated with which disease?

A

Antibody-complexes eg TIII hypersensitivity SLE

105
Q

What is Widkott-Aldrich syndrome?

A

X linked
Deficiency of protein for Cytoskeletal functions eg actin

Recurrent infection, eczema, thrombocytopenia

106
Q

Which molecule facilitate leukocyte adhesion through endothelium?

A

CD 31 or PECAM-1

107
Q

What is the role of MPO in neutrophils?

A

Converts H2O2 into HOCL (microbicidal free radical)

108
Q

When will a wound be at 80% tensile strength?

109
Q

How does zinc aid wound healing?

A

Promote metalloproteinases

110
Q

Which protein is involved in signal transduction between epidermal cells to the nucleus?

A

RAS protein

111
Q

What checkpoint does RB protein regulate in cell cycle?

A

G1 to S transition

112
Q

Which molecule inhibits angiogenesis?

A

Endostatin

113
Q

Role of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in angiogenesis?

A

Vascular remodeling

114
Q

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) role in angiogenesis?

A

Promotes angiogenesis

Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis (12 decks)

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