Ch3 Flashcards
Inflammatory Rx: what antibody and immune cell involved in asthma?
IgE antibodies, eosinophils
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in glomerulonephritis?
Antibodies and complement; neutrophils and monocytes
Inflammatory Rx: what molecules are involved in septic shock?
Cytokines
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in pulmonary fibrosis?
Macrophages, fibroblasts
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in atherosclerosis?
Macrophages, lymphocytes
Acute Inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs
- Minutes to hours
2.mainly neutrophils
3.mild and self limiting
4.prominent
Chronic inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs
1.days
2.monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
3.severe and progressive
4.less
Cellular receptors that detect microbes are called ___
Toll-like receptors
Cellular receptors that sense molecules released from cell damage are ___
NOD-like receptors
What is an exudate?
Extravascular fluid that has high protein content + cellular debris. Marker of an inflammatory process
Pus is a type of (extravascular fluid type)
Exudate
What is a transudate?
Low protein fluid (mostly albumin). Cases of high hydrostatic pressure
Vasodilation: which chemical triggers this?
Histamine
What are the chemicals that contract endothelial cells that lead to vascular leakage? 3
Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
____ is a classic example of late vascular leakage
Sunburn
What are the phases of which leukocytes migrate to site of inflammation?
- Lumen: margination, rolling and adhesion to endothelium.
2.migration across endothelium
3.migration in tissues toward chemotactic stimulus
Inflammation: What do selectins do in endothelium?
Initiate rolling interactions with leukocytes
The ligands for Selectins are ___
Sialylated oligosaccharides bound to mucin-like glycoproteins
Endothelial cells, macrophages and mast cells release ____ when encountering microbes and dead cells.
Chemo attractant agents
What are examples of chemo attractant agents?
IL-1
TNF
Chemokines
Inflammation: What is the role of integrins?
Firmly adheres leukocytes so they can roll
The main ligand expressed for integrins is ____
VCAM-1
Neutrophils predominate the inflammatory site in the first _____ hrs
6-24
Monocytes replace neutrophils in ____hrs
24-48
What is Chemotaxis?
Leukocytes moving toward site of injury/chemoattractant agents
When leukocytes are activated, they increased cytosol ____(ion) and activate enzymes ____ and ____
Calcium
Protein kinase C
Phospholipase A2
What are the stages of phagocytosis? 3
- Recognition and attachment
2.engulfment
3.killing
How do leukocytes recognise microbes/dead cells?
Phagocytic receptors eg mannose receptors, scavenger receptors
What molecule is found in bacteria that allow the phagocytic receptors to distinguish between host cells?
Terminal mannose/fucose residues on glycoprotein/lipid
What is an opsonin? Example
Can coat microbes/dead cells to increase affinity for phagocytosis
Eg MAC-1
How are microbes killed by lysosomes?
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen species
Lysosomal enzymes
What are the anti inflammatory cytokines? Role?
TGF-B, IL-10
Secreted from macrophages to assist termination of inflammatory rx
Development of ‘cold abcess’ is due to lack of ____(cytokine)
IL-17
What are Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETs)?
A network of neutrophils that concentrate antimicrobial substances to trap microbes
Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETS): how are they activated?
1.ROS activation of arginine deaminase
2. Convert arginine to citrulline
3. Leads to chromatin condensation until rupture and release
4.MPO and elastase are also released and enhance tlchromatin condensation
What is the role of A-antitrypsin?
Inhibits neutrophil elastase: prevents immune destruction of tissues
What is the role of NO (reactive O2 species)?
Neurotransmitter
Maintains vascular tone
Acts to kill bacteria
ROS are produced by activation of ____
NADPH Oxidase
____ is the most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils.
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
What are 5 antioxidant defense systems that protect against ROS?
1.Glutathione system
2. Superoxide dismutase
3.catalase (detoxes H2O2)
4.Ceruloplasmin
5.transferrin (iron free part)
Immune Rx: what is the effect of histamine?
Vasodilation: increased permeability and endothelial activation
Where is histamine sourced from? 3
Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets
Immune Rx: what is the effect of prostaglandins?
Vasodilation
Pain
Fever
Where are prostaglandins sourced from?
Mast cells
Leukocytes
Immune Rx: what is the effect of leukotrienes? 3
Increase vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte adhesion and activation