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Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is desmoplasia

A

Parenchymal component stimulates abundant collagenous stroma eg choliangcarcinoma, breast

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2
Q

What are benign tumours

A

Localised at site of origin, amenable to surgical removal, usually has ‘oma’ in name eg fibroma

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3
Q

Malignant tumours arising from mesenchymal cells are called

A

Sarcomas

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4
Q

What are mixed tumours?

A

Tumours that have more than one line of differentiation eg derived from more than one germ layer

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5
Q

What are exceptions to ‘oma’ rule 5

A

Sarcoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Lymphoma
Seminoma

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6
Q

What is a Hamartoma

A

Abnormal tissue present in a normal anatomical site; disorganised masses of cells indigenous to involved tissue

A benign neoplasm

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7
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Reverse hamartoma: normal tissue at ABNORMAL tissue site. Ectopic of normal tissue. Non neoplastic

Eg normally organised pancreatic tissue in submucosa of stomach

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8
Q

What is tumour differentiation?

A

Degree of which the tissue resembles tissue of origin morphologically and functionally eg poor means does not look like tissue origin at all

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9
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation AKA poor differentiated

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10
Q

Can malignant tumours be well differentiated?

A

Yes - malignancy depends on ability in invade and metastasize

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11
Q

What are the features associated with anaplasia? 4

A
  1. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cells)
  2. Abnormal nuclear morphology eg hyperchromatic nucleus
  3. Mitosis (atypical blizzard mitotic figure eg tripolar rather than bipolar)
  4. Loss of polarity eg loss of basement membrane
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12
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Disorganised, disordered growth, usually epithelial cells. Has similar features with anaplasia eg increased N:C ratio, mitosis…etc

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13
Q

What is carcinoma in situ

A

Dysplasia severe invades all layers of epithelium, but basement membrane is intact

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14
Q

Why do benign tumours do not apread

A

Compression from mass > hypoxia of surrounding tissue > increased fibroblast and stromal cells > increased ECM deposits > capsule

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15
Q

Which benign tumour does not develop a capsule

A

Hemangioma

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16
Q

What is the single most important marker of malignancy

A

Metastisis

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17
Q

Which infection causes bladder cancer?

A

Schistomoniasis

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18
Q

Cadmium is linked to which cancer?

A

Prostate

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19
Q

What cancers is arsenic linked to? 2 Typical occupation associated? 2

A

Lung and skin carcinoma
Metal smelting, electrical conduction devices, animal dips

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20
Q

What cancer is asbestos linked to? 5 Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Lung, oesophageal, gastric, colon, mesotheliom

Roofing, construction, flooring

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21
Q

What cancer is benzene linked to? 1 Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Acute myeloid leukemia
Detergent/Dry cleaning, rubber use, light oil

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22
Q

What cancer is linked to beryllium linked to? Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Lung carcinoma
Missile fuel, space vehicles, aerospace

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23
Q

Which cancer Vinyl chloride linked to? 1 Typical occupation associated? 2

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma
Refrigerant, plastics adhesive

24
Q

What mutation contributes to oncogenesis?

A

RAS mutation

25
Q

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is affected by ionising radiation?

A

G2/M

26
Q

What is the most common type of hamartoma?

A

Lung hamartoma

27
Q

What chromosome is associated with CML?

A

Philadelphia T (9:22)

28
Q

What enzyme activity is abnormal in CML?

A

Tyrosine Kinase (increased)

29
Q

What are examples of Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors?

A

Imatinib
Desatinib
Bosutinib

30
Q

Cytokeratin found in cancer means —(origin tissue)

A

Epithelium origin

31
Q

What is ‘oncogene addiction’?

A

Tumour Genesis is highly dependent on activity of one oncoprotein

32
Q

What is the role of p14 in oncogenesis?

A

Increases p53 levels

33
Q

What is the role of GAP in oncogenesis?

A

Inhibits RAS

34
Q

What is the role of p16 in oncogenesis?

A

Inhibits RB

35
Q

What is MYC in oncogenesis?

A

Upregulates rRNA
upregulate Warburg effect
Upregulate cyclins

36
Q

What is the role of BRCA normally? 2

A

Repairs double stranded DNA
Halts cell cycle progression in damaged cells

37
Q

How does Hepatitis virus cause hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Damages hepatocytes, making then constantly regenerate

38
Q

How do tumour cells cause lymph node metastasis?

A

Increased laminin receptors on tumour cells

39
Q

How does HPV cause cervical cancer? 2

A
  1. E7 (gene) binds RB protein (inactivate).
  2. E6 inactivates p53
40
Q

Which tumour is the NF-1 gene seen in?

A

Schwanomma

41
Q

Neurofibroma mechanism?

A

Persistent activation of Ras gene (loss of NF-1)

42
Q

Mechanism of phorbol esters causing cancer?

A

Activates protein kinase C

43
Q

BRCA-1 vs HER-2 breast cancers (in history)

A

BRCA-1 has a family history

44
Q

Patients gets hepatic carcinoma from eating mouldy peanuts. Cause?

A

Aspergillus flavis: aflatoxin B1

45
Q

Recurrent skin cancers genetic disorder?

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

46
Q

Inheritance of xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Autosomal recessive

47
Q

Mechanism of cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Unable to repair DNA damage from UV light

48
Q

What mutation is present in neuroblastoma?

A

N-myc

49
Q

T(14:18) follicular lymphoma mutation?

A

Bcl-2

50
Q

Metastatic melanoma that run in families, gene mutation?

A

P16

51
Q

High levels of cathepsin D in tumour cells suggest (characteristic)

A

Invasiveness

52
Q

Alpha fetoprotein is associated with which cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

53
Q

What quality do tumours that express bcl-2 have?

A

Lack apoptosis

54
Q

Tumours that express abl oncogene have which characteristic?

A

Increased tyrosine kinase

55
Q

Which oncogene causes reduced ability to hydrolyze GTP?

A

Ras

56
Q

High alkaline phosphatase suggests where the Mets is?

A

Bone

Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis (12 decks)

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