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Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is desmoplasia

A

Parenchymal component stimulates abundant collagenous stroma eg choliangcarcinoma, breast

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2
Q

What are benign tumours

A

Localised at site of origin, amenable to surgical removal, usually has ‘oma’ in name eg fibroma

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3
Q

Malignant tumours arising from mesenchymal cells are called

A

Sarcomas

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4
Q

What are mixed tumours?

A

Tumours that have more than one line of differentiation eg derived from more than one germ layer

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5
Q

What are exceptions to ‘oma’ rule 5

A

Sarcoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Lymphoma
Seminoma

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6
Q

What is a Hamartoma

A

Abnormal tissue present in a normal anatomical site; disorganised masses of cells indigenous to involved tissue

A benign neoplasm

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7
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Reverse hamartoma: normal tissue at ABNORMAL tissue site. Ectopic of normal tissue. Non neoplastic

Eg normally organised pancreatic tissue in submucosa of stomach

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8
Q

What is tumour differentiation?

A

Degree of which the tissue resembles tissue of origin morphologically and functionally eg poor means does not look like tissue origin at all

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9
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation AKA poor differentiated

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10
Q

Can malignant tumours be well differentiated?

A

Yes - malignancy depends on ability in invade and metastasize

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11
Q

What are the features associated with anaplasia? 4

A
  1. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cells)
  2. Abnormal nuclear morphology eg hyperchromatic nucleus
  3. Mitosis (atypical blizzard mitotic figure eg tripolar rather than bipolar)
  4. Loss of polarity eg loss of basement membrane
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12
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Disorganised, disordered growth, usually epithelial cells. Has similar features with anaplasia eg increased N:C ratio, mitosis…etc

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13
Q

What is carcinoma in situ

A

Dysplasia severe invades all layers of epithelium, but basement membrane is intact

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14
Q

Why do benign tumours do not apread

A

Compression from mass > hypoxia of surrounding tissue > increased fibroblast and stromal cells > increased ECM deposits > capsule

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15
Q

Which benign tumour does not develop a capsule

A

Hemangioma

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16
Q

What is the single most important marker of malignancy

A

Metastisis

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17
Q

Which infection causes bladder cancer?

A

Schistomoniasis

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18
Q

Cadmium is linked to which cancer?

A

Prostate

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19
Q

What cancers is arsenic linked to? 2 Typical occupation associated? 2

A

Lung and skin carcinoma
Metal smelting, electrical conduction devices, animal dips

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20
Q

What cancer is asbestos linked to? 5 Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Lung, oesophageal, gastric, colon, mesotheliom

Roofing, construction, flooring

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21
Q

What cancer is benzene linked to? 1 Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Acute myeloid leukemia
Detergent/Dry cleaning, rubber use, light oil

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22
Q

What cancer is linked to beryllium linked to? Typical occupation associated? 3

A

Lung carcinoma
Missile fuel, space vehicles, aerospace

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23
Q

Which cancer Vinyl chloride linked to? 1 Typical occupation associated? 2

Study These Flashcards
A

Hepatic angiosarcoma
Refrigerant, plastics adhesive

24
Q

What mutation contributes to oncogenesis?

25
Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is affected by ionising radiation?
G2/M
26
What is the most common type of hamartoma?
Lung hamartoma
27
What chromosome is associated with CML?
Philadelphia T (9:22)
28
What enzyme activity is abnormal in CML?
Tyrosine Kinase (increased)
29
What are examples of Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors?
Imatinib Desatinib Bosutinib
30
Cytokeratin found in cancer means ---(origin tissue)
Epithelium origin
31
What is 'oncogene addiction'?
Tumour Genesis is highly dependent on activity of one oncoprotein
32
What is the role of p14 in oncogenesis?
Increases p53 levels
33
What is the role of GAP in oncogenesis?
Inhibits RAS
34
What is the role of p16 in oncogenesis?
Inhibits RB
35
What is MYC in oncogenesis?
Upregulates rRNA upregulate Warburg effect Upregulate cyclins
36
What is the role of BRCA normally? 2
Repairs double stranded DNA Halts cell cycle progression in damaged cells
37
How does Hepatitis virus cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
Damages hepatocytes, making then constantly regenerate
38
How do tumour cells cause lymph node metastasis?
Increased laminin receptors on tumour cells
39
How does HPV cause cervical cancer? 2
1. E7 (gene) binds RB protein (inactivate). 2. E6 inactivates p53
40
Which tumour is the NF-1 gene seen in?
Schwanomma
41
Neurofibroma mechanism?
Persistent activation of Ras gene (loss of NF-1)
42
Mechanism of phorbol esters causing cancer?
Activates protein kinase C
43
BRCA-1 vs HER-2 breast cancers (in history)
BRCA-1 has a family history
44
Patients gets hepatic carcinoma from eating mouldy peanuts. Cause?
Aspergillus flavis: aflatoxin B1
45
Recurrent skin cancers genetic disorder?
Xeroderma pigmentosum
46
Inheritance of xeroderma pigmentosum?
Autosomal recessive
47
Mechanism of cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum?
Unable to repair DNA damage from UV light
48
What mutation is present in neuroblastoma?
N-myc
49
T(14:18) follicular lymphoma mutation?
Bcl-2
50
Metastatic melanoma that run in families, gene mutation?
P16
51
High levels of cathepsin D in tumour cells suggest (characteristic)
Invasiveness
52
Alpha fetoprotein is associated with which cancer?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
53
What quality do tumours that express bcl-2 have?
Lack apoptosis
54
Tumours that express abl oncogene have which characteristic?
Increased tyrosine kinase
55
Which oncogene causes reduced ability to hydrolyze GTP?
Ras
56
High alkaline phosphatase suggests where the Mets is?
Bone

Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis (12 decks)

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